Tooth Surface Level Caries Progression in the Primary Dentition among Preschool Children

2015 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 442-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amid I. Ismail ◽  
Sungwoo Lim ◽  
Marisol Tellez
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Assessment System ◽  
Caries Detection ◽  
Tooth Surface ◽  
Surface Level ◽  
Initial Caries ◽  
Tooth Surfaces ◽  
Caries Progression ◽  
Soda Consumption

The objective of this paper is to describe primary tooth surface level caries progression, over 2 years, based on the severity of the caries lesions. Data were collected from 790 low-income African-American preschool children in Detroit, Mich., USA. The caregivers of the children (aged 0-5 years) completed interviews and the dyad of child-caregiver completed dental examinations in 2002-2004 (baseline) and in 2004-2005 (follow-up). Caries were measured using the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS). The caries status of tooth surfaces was classified into initial (ICDAS 1-2), moderate (ICDAS 3-4) and extensive (ICDAS 5-6) stages. Counts of tooth surfaces with progression, by baseline caries severity level, were used to compute rate ratios (RRs) relative to sound stages. RRs were also computed for type of tooth surfaces and frequency of intake of soda consumption at baseline. After adjusting for confounders, caries progression was more likely to occur in tooth surfaces with any baseline caries relative to sound surfaces. For surfaces with initial caries, the rate of progression to moderate caries was 9.6 times higher than that of sound surfaces. Surfaces with initial and moderate caries progressed to extensive caries 6.1 and 20.6 times, respectively, relative to sound surfaces. Baseline soda consumption was not associated with the RR of caries progression. In conclusion, the staging of caries identifies different progression risks and significant emphasis should be placed on secondary prevention of initial lesions as well as on primary prevention.

Deep penetration fluoridation for caries prevention and treatment: the use of Tiefenfluorid® junior in children. Case reports

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Swietłana Kozaczuk
Keyword(s):  
Case Reports ◽  
Dental Enamel ◽  
Assessment System ◽  
Caries Detection ◽  
Tooth Surface ◽  
Deep Penetration ◽  
Initial Caries ◽  
Carious Lesions ◽  
Icdas Ii ◽  
Caries Lesions

The use of fluoride, a healthy diet and good dental care habits are the pillars of the fight against caries. At a time when the anti-fluoride movement is on the increase and raises doubts even amongst the dentists and dental hygienists, the dental environment should be based on the credible scientific evidence regarding the effectiveness and safety of therapy in their clinical management. The article presents the clinical cases in which the agent for deep penetration fluoridation Tiefenfluorid® junior (Humanchemie, German) was used in the treatment and prevention of carious lesions in children. The visual-tactile method was used for detecting caries lesions. The International Caries Detection and Assessment System – ICDAS II was used for classifying dental caries. Carious lesions activity were assessed using visual-tactile method at control visits every 3 months within 12 months. Fluoride is effective in the treatment of initial caries in enamel, and the agent based on silver and fluorine SDF (Silver Diamine Fluoride) effectively inhibits tooth decay in the dentin. The disadvantage of SDF is the black color of the teeth. In contrast to common fluoride compounds, the solution with fluoride Tiefenfluorid® junior (Humanchemie, German) becomes non-toxic due to the reaction with the second application solution with calcium hydroxide. Furthermore, the process takes place deep in the funnels of the dental enamel, not on the tooth surface. The deep penetration fluoridation can be used for the caries prophylaxis, including the mineral fissure sealing, as well as for the treatment of initial caries lesions. In the treatment of initial caries in small children, it is an alternative to the silver nitrate impregnation and for the fluoride varnishes.

scholarly journals Effects of Cariogenic Bacteria and Sealant Evaluated by International Caries Detection Assessment System

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 512-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshiaki Nomura ◽  
Yuko Fujita ◽  
Yoko Ishihara ◽  
Erika Kakuta ◽  
Ayako Okada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Assessment System ◽  
Caries Detection ◽  
Tooth Surface ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Surface Level ◽  
Cariogenic Bacteria ◽  
Occlusal Surfaces ◽  
Mixed Effect Modeling

Aim: Evaluation of tooth surface level effect of cariogenic bacteria and sealant. Background: International Caries Detection Assessment System (ICADS) is a clinical scoring system that can assess the non-cavitated early stage of dental caries by surface level. Scores used in ICDAS are ordinary and each tooth within one individual is not statistically independent. Objective: In this study, by applying mixed effect modeling, the effect of cariogenic bacteria and fissure sealant for tooth surface-level caries progression was analyzed. Methods: Ninety-eight patients who had been regularly visited the dental hospital for the regular check-ups were enrolled in this study. Among them, patients who visited at baseline, after one and two years, were included for the analysis. Fifty-two patients were dropped out. The study population consisted of 25 boys and 21girls and their mean ages were 9.3 +/- 2.1. Salivary levels of cariogenic bacteria were measured by qPCR. Mixed effect modeling with repeated measures was applied for the analysis. Results: Salivary levels of S. mutans and Lactobacilli were affected by the progression of the ICDAS score. Maxillary teeth, molars and buccal and occlusal surfaces were tended to progress. Maxillary tooth, molar tooth and buccal, approximal, and occlusal surface were tended to be affected by both cariogenic bacteria. Conclusion: By applying mixed effect modeling, highly-detailed surface-level analysis can be available.

scholarly journals CariesCare International adapted for the pandemic in children: Caries OUT multicentre single-group interventional study protocol

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefania Martignon ◽  
Andrea Cortes ◽  
Gail V. A. Douglas ◽  
J. Timothy Newton ◽  
Nigel B. Pitts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
Health Behaviour ◽  
Tooth Surface ◽  
Caries Risk ◽  
Single Group ◽  
Surface Level ◽  
Control Effectiveness ◽  
Oral Health Behaviour ◽  
Caries Progression ◽  
Caries Lesions

Abstract Background Comprehensive caries care has shown effectiveness in controlling caries progression and improving health outcomes by controlling caries risk, preventing initial-caries lesions progression, and patient satisfaction. To date, the caries-progression control effectiveness of the patient-centred risk-based CariesCare International (CCI) system, derived from ICCMS™ for the practice (2019), remains unproven. With the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic a previously planned multi-centre RCT shifted to this “Caries OUT” study, aiming to assess in a single-intervention group in children, the caries-control effectiveness of CCI adapted for the pandemic with non-aerosols generating procedures (non-AGP) and reducing in-office time. Methods In this 1-year multi-centre single-group interventional trial the adapted-CCI effectiveness will be assessed in one single group in terms of tooth-surface level caries progression control, and secondarily, individual-level caries progression control, children’s oral-health behaviour change, parents’ and dentists’ process acceptability, and costs exploration. A sample size of 258 3–5 and 6–8 years old patients was calculated after removing half from the previous RCT, allowing for a 25% dropout, including generally health children (27 per centre). The single-group intervention will be the adapted-CCI 4D-cycle caries care, with non-AGP and reduced in-office appointments’ time. A trained examiner per centre will conduct examinations at baseline, at 5–5.5 months (3 months after basic management), 8.5 and 12 months, assessing the child’s CCI caries risk and oral-health behaviour, visually staging and assessing caries-lesions severity and activity without air-drying (ICDAS-merged Epi); fillings/sealants; missing/dental-sepsis teeth, and tooth symptoms, synthetizing together with parent and external-trained dental practitioner (DP) the patient- and tooth-surface level diagnoses and personalised care plan. DP will deliver the adapted-CCI caries care. Parents’ and dentists’ process acceptability will be assessed via Treatment-Evaluation-Inventory questionnaires, and costs in terms of number of appointments and activities. Twenty-one centres in 13 countries will participate. Discussion The results of Caries OUT adapted for the pandemic will provide clinical data that could help support shifting the caries care in children towards individualised oral-health behaviour improvement and tooth-preserving care, improving health outcomes, and explore if the caries progression can be controlled during the pandemic by conducting non-AGP and reducing in-office time. Trial registration: Retrospectively-registered-ClinicalTrials.gov-NCT04666597-07/12/2020: https://register.clinicaltrials.gov/prs/app/action/SelectProtocol?sid=S000AGM4&selectaction=Edit&uid=U00019IE&ts=2&cx=uwje3h. Protocol-version 2: 27/01/2021.

Impact of biannual treatment with fluoride varnish on tooth-surface-level caries progression in children aged 1–3 years

2017 ◽  
Vol 65 ◽  
pp. 83-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Anderson ◽  
Göran Dahllöf ◽  
Fernanda Cunha Soares ◽  
Margaret Grindefjord
Keyword(s):  
Fluoride Varnish ◽  
Tooth Surface ◽  
Surface Level ◽  
Caries Progression

scholarly journals Inequalities In Caries Among Pre-School Italian Children With Different Background

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guglielmo Campus ◽  
Fabio Cocco ◽  
Laura Strohmenger ◽  
Thomas Gerhard Wolf ◽  
Araxi Balian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Preschool Children ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Assessment System ◽  
Social Gradient ◽  
Caries Detection ◽  
Caries Prevalence ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Immigrant Background

Abstract Background: The study was aimed to describe caries prevalence and severity and health inequalities among Italian preschool children with European and non-European background and to explore the potential presence of a social gradient. Methods: The ICDAS (International Caries Detection and Assessment System) was recorded at school on 6,825 children (52.76% females). Caries frequency and severity was expressed as a proportion, recording the most severe ICDAS score observed. Socioeconomic status (SES) and behavioral habits of children/parents/caregivers were estimated by mean a standardized self-submitted questionnaire filled-in by parents. The Slope Index of Inequality (SII) based on regression of the mid-point value of caries experiences score for each SES group was calculated and a social gradient was generated as the weighted sum of the worst circumstances deriving from social explanatory variables. Children were stratified into four social gradient levels based on the number of worst options. Multivariate regression models (Zero-Inflated Negative Binomial logistic regression in children with European background and a logistic regression in children with non-European background) were used to elucidate the associations between all explanatory variables and health outcome (namely the caries prevalence). Mantel Haenszel trend of odds adjusted by immigrant background and area of living were calculated to study the existence, dimensions and direction of a social gradient in oral health. Results: Overall, 54.37% (95%CI 46.71–58.28%) of the children were caries-free; caries prevalence was statistically significant higher in children with non-European background compared to European children (72.59% vs 41.62% p<0.01). A statistically significant trend was observed for ICDAS 5/6 score and the worst social/behavioral level (Z=5.24, p<0.01). Conclusions: Data show how caries in preschool children is an unsolved public health problem especially in those with a non-European background. The proposed gradient was clearly able to identify children with the worst dental conditions.

The International Caries Detection and Assessment System – ICDAS: A Systematic Review

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 406-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim Rud Ekstrand ◽  
Thais Gimenez ◽  
Fernanda R. Ferreira ◽  
Fausto M. Mendes ◽  
Mariana M. Braga
Keyword(s):  
Roc Curves ◽  
Diagnostic Odds Ratio ◽  
Assessment System ◽  
Caries Detection ◽  
Activity Assessment ◽  
Caries Progression ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Caries Lesions ◽  
Specific Search

The aims of this study were: (1) to evaluate the overall reproducibility and accuracy of the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) for assessing coronal caries lesions, and (2) to investigate the use of systems associated with the ICDAS for activity assessment of coronal caries lesions. Specific search strategies were adopted to identify studies published up to 2016. For the first objective, we selected studies that assessed primary coronal caries lesions using the ICDAS as a reference standard. A total of 54 studies were included. Meta-analyses summarized the results concerning reproducibility and accuracy (correlation with histology, summary ROC curves [SROC], and diagnostic odds ratio [DOR]). The latter 2 were expressed at D1/D3 levels. The heterogeneity of the studies was also assessed. Reproducibility values (pooled) were > 0.65. The ICDAS mostly presented a good overall performance as most areas under SROC were > 0.75 at D1 and > 0.90 at D3; DOR ≥6. For the second objective, we selected studies investigating activity assessment associated with the ICDAS. The meta-analyses pooled results based on the same methodology and parameters as above. Longitudinal findings regarding caries progression were described to estimate the validity of these systems. On average, the systems for activity assessment of caries lesions showed moderate values concerning reproducibility and overall performance. Active caries lesions were more prone to progress than inactive ones after 2 years. In conclusion, the ICDAS presented a substantial level of reproducibility and accuracy for assessing primary coronal caries lesions. Additional systems associated with the ICDAS that classify caries lesion activity can be useful as they are moderately reproducible and accurate.

scholarly journals Glass Ionomer Sealant versus Fluoride Varnish Application to Prevent Occlusal Caries in Primary Second Molars among Preschool Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Phoebe Pui Ying Lam ◽  
Divesh Sardana ◽  
Weijia Luo ◽  
Manikandan Ekambaram ◽  
Gillian Hiu Man Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Assessment System ◽  
Fluoride Varnish ◽  
Caries Detection ◽  
Caries Experience ◽  
Primary Molars ◽  
Glass Ionomer ◽  
Occlusal Caries ◽  
Occlusal Surfaces ◽  
Significant Difference

Fissure sealant is a recommended preventive measure on permanent molars, but its efficacy on primary molars in preschool children is still in doubt. Sodium fluoride varnish (NaFV) enhances remineralization and is effective in preventing caries in smooth surfaces, but limited information is available regarding its use on occlusal surfaces of primary molars. The present study aimed to compare the efficacy of glass ionomer sealant (GIS) versus topical application of 5% NaFV in preventing and arresting occlusal caries in primary second molars among preschool children. One calibrated examiner examined children aged 3–4 years for visible plaque index (VPI), decayed-missing-filled primary surface (dmfs) index, and extent of carious lesions by the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS). Subjects with 1 or more primary second molars that were sound or with incipient lesions (ICDAS 0–1), with distinct visual enamel changes (ICDAS 2), or with localized enamel breakdown (ICDAS 3) were recruited. The children were randomly assigned to either NaFV group – application of 5% NaFV at 3-monthly intervals or GIS group – 1 single placement of GIS. A parental questionnaire was used to collect information on the children’s sociodemographic background and oral health-related habits. Two blinded examiners conducted clinical examinations after 6 and 12 months to evaluate the development of occlusal caries and the retention of GIS. Negative binomial regression using generalized estimating equations was employed to adjust for the clustering effect and evaluate the influence of selected variables on the development of occlusal caries into dentin at 12 months. A total of 323 children with 1,159 primary second molars received the respective preventive measures at baseline. At 12 months, 280 children with 989 molars were evaluated. Caries had developed or progressed into dentin in 7.8% and 8.0% of the molars in the NaFV and GIS groups, respectively, with no significant difference between the groups (<i>p</i> = 0.913). The overall retention rates of GIS were 24.6% and 13.5% at 6 and 12 months, respectively. Regression analyses showed only baseline caries experience, and an ICDAS code had a significant association with occlusal caries progression. Quarterly NaFV application and single GIS placement showed similar effectiveness in the prevention of occlusal caries development among preschool children.

scholarly journals Clinical Trial of the Canary System for Proximal Caries Detection: A Comparative Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 38-50
Author(s):  
Janja Jan ◽  
Wan Zaripah Wan Bakar ◽  
Sapna M. Mathews ◽  
E. Uzamere ◽  
Linda O. Okoye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Assessment System ◽  
Receiver Operating Curve ◽  
Caries Detection ◽  
Proximal Caries ◽  
Bitewing Radiography ◽  
Initial Caries ◽  
High Caries Risk ◽  
Icdas Ii ◽  
Risk Patients ◽  
Caries Lesions

Background: Detecting initial caries on the proximal surfaces of teeth in an intact dentition is a problem in dental practice since radiograph has been shown to have poor sensitivity with this stage of caries lesions. Hence there is need for an alternative technology. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of the Canary System (CS) to detect proximal caries in a clinical setting, comparing it with bitewing radiography (BWR).  Methodology: 33 subjects, age 18 years and above, were recruited from a mixed population of low, moderate, and high caries risk patients. BWR and the CS were used to detect proximal caries lesions in these subjects. Teeth were separated by 48 hours insertion of rubber rings, and the proximal surfaces were examined by direct visual examination using the International Caries Detection and Assessment System II (ICDAS-II) scoring system. The Sensitivity (se), specificity (sp), positive (ppv) and negative predictive (npv) values of the CS and BWR in detecting caries on proximal surfaces were calculated by evaluating each method alone against ICDAS-II system (used as bronze standard). The two methods were compared statistically using their Area Under the Receiver Operating Curve (AUC). The sensitivities and specificities were compared using a test of proportions and AUC values were compared using DeLong’s method of nonparametric testing of AUC values.  Results: The se, sp, ppv and npv for the CS are 0.92, 0.78, 0.89, 0.84 respectively, and for BWR are 0.67, 0.54, 0.78, and 0.40 respectively. The AUC of the Canary System (0.77) was statistically significantly higher than the AUC of the radiography (0.53, P < .001).  Conclusions: This study demonstrated the efficacy of the Canary System in detecting proximal caries lesions to be greater than that of bitewing radiography.  Clinical Significance: The Canary System can be a valuable clinical device for detecting and monitoring proximal caries lesions in clinical practice.

scholarly journals NEED IN PROPHYLACTIC AND TREATMENT OF SCHOOLCHILDREN USING OF INTERNATIONAL CARIES DETECTION AND ASSESSMENT SYSTEM

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-16
Author(s):  
Gaur Gafurovich Ashurov ◽  
G. E Mullodzhanov ◽  
Z. Sh Yuldoshev
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Assessment System ◽  
Caries Detection ◽  
Preventive Action ◽  
Early Diagnostics ◽  
Invasive Treatment ◽  
Initial Caries

With using the index of the international caries detection and assessment system organized cariesology examination of 150 детей in the key’s age groups (6, 12, 15, 16-19 years). Herewith examined all surfaces of each teeth. For estimation of the depth of the carious defeat used the following codes: 0 - health surface of the teeth; 1 - an initial changes of enamel (visible after long drying by air); 2 - an evident visible changes of enamel; 3 - a carious cavity within enamel; 4 - subjecting to darkening shade in dentine; 5 - an evident cavity within dentine; 6 - an extensive cavity in dentine, possible involvement of the pulp. In undertaking given of medical-preventive action of cariesology nature need 96.9%, 99.3%, 95.9% and 98.4% schoolchildren accordingly in the age groups of 6, 12, 15 and 16-19 years. Results of the study have shown high need for invasive treatment of carious cavities amongst examined person. Using the criterion of the the index of the international caries detection and assessment system allows to conduct the early diagnostics of the carious defeats and prevent progressing initial caries in stage, requiring uninvasive of the treatment.

scholarly journals Do combinations of clinical parameters related to caries activity status predict progression more accurately than individual parameters?

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Floriano ◽  
R Matos ◽  
J Mattos-Silveira ◽  
ES Rocha ◽  
KR Ekstrand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Power ◽  
Assessment System ◽  
Caries Detection ◽  
Clinical Parameters ◽  
Caries Lesion ◽  
Occlusal Surfaces ◽  
Risk Of Progression ◽  
Caries Progression ◽  
Cavitated Lesions

AbstractFew studies have addressed the predictive power of the clinical parameters used in assessing caries lesion activity. This study assessed the predictive validity of evaluating clinical parameters that are related to caries lesion activity status, individually and combined, in a long-term analysis. The occlusal surfaces of primary molars (1361 surfaces) were examined in 205 children according to the following clinical features: potential for plaque stagnation, colour, luster, cavitation, texture, and clinical depth. Cavities with frankly exposed dentine were excluded from this sample. After 1 year, 148 children (828 surfaces) were re-evaluated using the International Caries Detection and Assessment System to assess caries lesion progression. Progression was set as an outcome to verify the predictive power of the initially assessed clinical parameters. Different combinations of two or more parameters were also tested to check for any association with caries progression. Multilevel Poisson regression analyses were performed and the relative risk for each parameter/combination tested was calculated by considering a confidence interval of 95%. Forty percent of the reassessed surfaces presented caries progression after 1 year. Despite their surface integrity, dentine caries lesions were approximately 10-fold more likely and enamel lesions were approximately three-fold more likely to progress than sound surfaces. Similarly, cavitated lesions showed the highest risk of progression compared to sound/non-cavitated lesions. When only non-cavitated surfaces were considered, roughness proved to be a risk factor for caries progression. In conclusion, the lesions presenting clinical involvement of the dentine and even those cavitations clinically involving only the enamel had a higher risk of progression compared to sound or non-cavitated surfaces. For these lesions, the evaluation of other conjoint parameters seems unnecessary. Nevertheless, surface roughness can be a useful feature in predicting the risk of non-cavitated caries lesion progression.

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