Immunological Protection of the Foetus

2015 ◽  
pp. 314-320
Author(s):  
W. D. Billington
Keyword(s):  
Immunological Protection

scholarly journals Association between season of vaccination and antibody levels against infectious diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 148 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. C. Abreu ◽  
H. Boshuizen ◽  
L. Mollema ◽  
G. A. M. Berbers ◽  
H. Korthals Altes
Keyword(s):  
Disease Burden ◽  
Seasonal Cycles ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽  
Multivariable Regression ◽  
Immunological Protection ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
Induced Immunity ◽  
Tetanus Antibodies

Abstract Vaccination has reduced the disease burden of vaccine-preventable diseases. However, the extent to which seasonal cycles of immunity could influence vaccine-induced immunity is not well understood. A national cross-sectional serosurveillance study performed in the Netherlands (Pienter-2) yielded data to investigate whether season of vaccination was associated with antibody responses induced by DT-IPV (diphtheria, tetanus and poliomyelitis), MMR (measles, mumps and rubella) and meningococcus C (MenC) vaccines in children. In total, 434 children met the inclusion criteria to study DT-IPV immunity, 811 for MMR and 311 for MenC. Differences in log(antibody levels) by season of vaccination were investigated with linear multivariable regression analyses. Seroconversion rates varied according to season of vaccination for rubella (90% of autumn-vaccinated children vs. 99% of winter-vaccinated had concentrations above cut-off levels). Summer-vaccinated boys showed a slower decline of tetanus antibodies (6% per month), in comparison with winter-vaccinated boys. In conclusion, season of vaccination showed little association with immunological protection. However, a number of associations were seen with a P-value of about 0.03; and adding data from a just-completed nationwide serological study might add more power to the current study. Further immunological and longitudinal investigations could help understand the mechanisms of seasonal influence in vaccine-induced responses.

scholarly journals Human CD4+ T cells specific for dominant epitopes of SARS-CoV-2 Spike and Nucleocapsid proteins with therapeutic potential

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan Verhagen ◽  
Edith Van der Meijden ◽  
Vanessa Lang ◽  
Andreas Kremer ◽  
Simon Völkl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Cell Therapy ◽  
Cd4 T Cells ◽  
Cellular Therapy ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Cell Receptor ◽  
Haematopoietic Stem Cell ◽  
T Cell Therapy ◽  
Immunological Protection

Since December 2019, Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) has spread rapidly across the world, leading to a global effort to develop vaccines and treatments. Despite extensive progress, there remains a need for treatments to bolster the immune responses in infected immunocompromised individuals, such as cancer patients who recently underwent a haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Immunological protection against COVID-19 is mediated by both short-lived neutralising antibodies and long-lasting virus-reactive T cells. Therefore, we propose that T cell therapy may augment efficacy of current treatments. For the greatest efficacy with minimal adverse effects, it is important that any cellular therapy is designed to be as specific and directed as possible. Here, we identify T cells from COVID-19 patients with a potentially protective response to two major antigens of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, Spike and Nucleocapsid protein. By generating clones of highly virus-reactive CD4+ T cells, we were able to confirm a set of 9 immunodominant epitopes and characterise T cell responses against these. Accordingly, the sensitivity of T cell clones for their specific epitope, as well as the extent and focus of their cytokine response was examined. Moreover, by using an advanced T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing approach, we determined the paired TCR sequences of clones of interest. While these data on a limited population require further expansion for universal application, the results presented here form a crucial first step towards TCR-transgenic CD4+ T cell therapy of COVID-19.

scholarly journals Poly(lactic acid-glycolic acid) nanoparticles markedly improve immunological protection provided by peptide P10 against murine paracoccidioidomycosis

2010 ◽  
Vol 159 (5) ◽  
pp. 1126-1132 ◽  
Author(s):  
André C Amaral ◽  
Alexandre F Marques ◽  
Julián E Muñoz ◽  
Anamélia L Bocca ◽  
Andreza R Simioni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Glycolic Acid ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Immunological Protection

scholarly journals The latest FAD – Faecal antibody detection in cattle. Protocol and results from three UK beef farms naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes

Parasitology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 146 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. Cooke ◽  
K. A. Watt ◽  
E. R. Morgan ◽  
J. A. J. Dungait
Keyword(s):  
Animal Health ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Antibody Detection ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Gastrointestinal Health ◽  
Immunological Protection

AbstractAntibodies at gastrointestinal mucosal membranes play a vital role in immunological protection against a range of pathogens, including helminths. Gastrointestinal health is central to efficient livestock production, and such infections cause significant losses. Fecal samples were taken from 114 cattle, across three beef farms, with matched blood samples taken from 22 of those animals. To achieve fecal antibody detection, a novel fecal supernatant was extracted. Fecal supernatant and serum samples were then analysed, using adapted enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay protocols, for levels of total immunoglobulin (Ig)A, IgG, IgM, andTeladorsagia circumcincta-specific IgA, IgG, IgM and IgE (in the absence of reagents for cattle-specific nematode species). Fecal nematode egg counts were conducted on all fecal samples. Assays performed successfully and showed that IgA was the predominant antibody in fecal samples, whereas IgG was predominant in serum. Total IgA in feces and serum correlated within individuals (0.581,P= 0.005), but other Ig types did not. Results support the hypothesis that the tested protocols are an effective method for the non-invasive assessment of cattle immunology. The method could be used as part of animal health assessments, although further work is required to interpret the relationship between results and levels of infection and immunity.

scholarly journals Molecular characterization of isolated infectious bronchitis viruses from affected vaccinated broiler flocks in Syria

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamara Al-Jallad ◽  
Morshed Kassouha ◽  
Mohamad Salhab ◽  
Anouar Alomar ◽  
Mouhamad AL-Masalma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Hypervariable Region ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Poultry Industry ◽  
S1 Gene ◽  
Infectious Bronchitis ◽  
Epidemiological Monitoring ◽  
Immunological Protection

Abstract Background Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) is a highly contagious disease that imposes a huge economic burden on the global poultry industry. IBV contains numerous serotypes and variants with incomplete tenuous cross immunological protection. The failure of currently used vaccines to protect against diverse, circulating IBV strains that are specific to a given region poses a major problem for the poultry industry. Thus, there is an urgent need to conduct studies aimed at genotyping field IB viruses. In this study, we have determined the molecular characteristics of circulating IBV by sequencing the S1 gene of viral isolates from affected previously vaccinated broiler flocks suffering from the disease. Results Ten isolates propagated in embryonated eggs showed an ability to induce typical IBV lesions after three successive viral passages. We performed a nested RT–PCR assay that targeted the hypervariable region 3 (HVR-3) of the S1 gene, and identified the isolates as IBV through sequence analysis. The IBV isolates showed sequence similarity between the Syrian isolates that vary from 96.20 to 100%, and those being closer to the Variant-2 strain IS/1494/06 (EU780077.2) with 97.5 to 99.4% similarities. However, less nucleotide identity was found with sequences belonging to the used vaccine strains such as H120, Mass5, and 4/91. Conclusions This study showed the presence of the Variant-2 strain circulating in Syrian broiler flocks showing signs of IBV disease. Currently, there is no commercial effective vaccine which protects birds against the Variant-2 strain. Continuous monitoring procedures should be taken to control and limit the spread of the IBV Variant-2 strain. This research emphasizes both the importance of epidemiological monitoring in intensive poultry farming for novel pathogens and the use of local isolates as future vaccine targets.

The effect of nutritionally-mediated placental growth restriction in adolescent sheep on the yield, nutrient composition and immunoglobulin content of colostrum

2000 ◽  
Vol 2000 ◽  
pp. 80-80
Author(s):  
L. Davidson ◽  
R.P. Aitken ◽  
D.A. Bourke ◽  
J.M. Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Specific Protein ◽  
Nutrient Composition ◽  
Growth Restriction ◽  
Maternal Antibodies ◽  
High Intake ◽  
High Nutrient ◽  
And Function ◽  
Immunological Protection ◽  
Protection Against Infection

In adolescent sheep, high nutrient intakes to promote rapid maternal growth during pregnancy results in a major restriction in placental growth which leads to a significant reduction in lamb birthweight relative to moderate intake adolescents of equivalent gynaecological age (Wallace et al 1996). Placental hormones play a crucial role in the development, differentiation and function of the mammary gland and we have previously reported that maternal concentrations of progesterone, growth hormone and pregnancy-specific protein B are significantly reduced in high intake dams with growth restricted placentae (Wallace et al 1997 a,b). For newborn lambs, the ingestion of adequate quantities of nutrient dense colostrum is essential to provide fuel for heat production and to ensure absorption of maternal antibodies to give immunological protection against infection. The objective of the present study was to examine the effect of nutritionally-mediated placental growth restriction on colostrum yield, nutrient composition and immunoglobulin content.

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