Desensitization of Cellular Responses Mediated by Histamine H1-receptors in Central Nervous System Tissues

2015 ◽  
pp. 69-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shigeru Hishinuma ◽  
Kenneth W. Young ◽  
Wendy J. Gibson ◽  
J. Michael Young
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cellular Responses ◽  
Histamine H1 Receptors

Iatrogenic Withdrawal Syndromes in Children: A Review of Sedative and Analgesic Weaning

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Blake Windsor ◽  
Jean Solodiuk
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Early Identification ◽  
Chronic Exposure ◽  
Cellular Responses ◽  
Opioid Tolerance ◽  
Gastrointestinal Dysfunction ◽  
Safe Management ◽  
Withdrawal Syndromes ◽  
Acute And Chronic Exposure

Iatrogenic withdrawal syndromes develop in children exposed to prolonged sedative and analgesic medications. Signs of withdrawal include central nervous system irritability, gastrointestinal dysfunction, and autonomic dysfunction. The most important steps to the safe management of sedative and analgesic weaning in children are the early identification of the risk of withdrawal, use of a validated withdrawal assessment scale, use of nonpharmacologic interventions, and administration of medication for weaning, if indicated. This article reviews the physiologic mechanisms of opioid tolerance and withdrawal, validated pediatric withdrawal scales, and safe management of iatrogenic withdrawal syndromes. Figures illustrate cellular responses to acute and chronic exposure to opioids. A suggested algorithm for the safe and rapid weaning of sedative and analgesic medications, using the best available evidence, is discussed. Key words: analgesic weaning, opioid tolerance, pediatric withdrawal, sedation weaning, weaning algorithm for children

scholarly journals The diverse cellular responses of the choroid plexus during infection of the central nervous system

2018 ◽  
Vol 314 (2) ◽  
pp. C152-C165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexa N. Lauer ◽  
Tobias Tenenbaum ◽  
Horst Schroten ◽  
Christian Schwerk
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Choroid Plexus ◽  
Inflammatory Cell ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Immunological Response ◽  
Cellular Responses ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Signal Transduction Pathways ◽  
The Central Nervous System

The choroid plexus (CP) is responsible for the production of a large amount of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). As a highly vascularized structure, the CP also presents a significant frontier between the blood and the central nervous system (CNS). To seal this border, the epithelium of the CP forms the blood-CSF barrier, one of the most important barriers separating the CNS from the blood. During the course of infectious disease, cells of the CP can experience interactions with intruding pathogens, especially when the CP is used as gateway for entry into the CNS. In return, the CP answers to these encounters with diverse measures. Here, we will review the distinct responses of the CP during infection of the CNS, which include engaging of signal transduction pathways, the regulation of gene expression in the host cells, inflammatory cell response, alterations of the barrier, and, under certain circumstances, cell death. Many of these actions may contribute to stage an immunological response against the pathogen and subsequently help in the clearance of the infection.

scholarly journals Cellular responses induced in vitro by iron (Fe) in a central nervous system cell line (U343MGa)

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 1554-1560 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.D.F.A. Alcântara ◽  
H.F. Ribeiro ◽  
L.A. Matos ◽  
J.M.C. Sousa ◽  
R.R. Burbano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cell Line ◽  
Cellular Responses ◽  
Central Nervous System Cell ◽  
System Cell

Iatrogenic Withdrawal Syndromes in Children: A Review of Sedative and Analgesic Weaning

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Blake Windsor ◽  
Jean Solodiuk
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Early Identification ◽  
Chronic Exposure ◽  
Cellular Responses ◽  
Opioid Tolerance ◽  
Gastrointestinal Dysfunction ◽  
Safe Management ◽  
Withdrawal Syndromes ◽  
Acute And Chronic Exposure

Iatrogenic withdrawal syndromes develop in children exposed to prolonged sedative and analgesic medications. Signs of withdrawal include central nervous system irritability, gastrointestinal dysfunction, and autonomic dysfunction. The most important steps to the safe management of sedative and analgesic weaning in children are the early identification of the risk of withdrawal, use of a validated withdrawal assessment scale, use of nonpharmacologic interventions, and administration of medication for weaning, if indicated. This article reviews the physiologic mechanisms of opioid tolerance and withdrawal, validated pediatric withdrawal scales, and safe management of iatrogenic withdrawal syndromes. Figures illustrate cellular responses to acute and chronic exposure to opioids. A suggested algorithm for the safe and rapid weaning of sedative and analgesic medications, using the best available evidence, is discussed. Key words: analgesic weaning, opioid tolerance, pediatric withdrawal, sedation weaning, weaning algorithm for children

Neurotropic enteroviruses co-opt “fair-weather-friend” commensal gut microbiota to drive host infection and central nervous system disturbances

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin B. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Gut Bacteria ◽  
Infection Cycle ◽  
Fair Weather ◽  
Host Health ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Animal Hosts ◽  
Host Infection ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Conditions

Abstract Some neurotropic enteroviruses hijack Trojan horse/raft commensal gut bacteria to render devastating biomimicking cryptic attacks on human/animal hosts. Such virus-microbe interactions manipulate hosts’ gut-brain axes with accompanying infection-cycle-optimizing central nervous system (CNS) disturbances, including severe neurodevelopmental, neuromotor, and neuropsychiatric conditions. Co-opted bacteria thus indirectly influence host health, development, behavior, and mind as possible “fair-weather-friend” symbionts, switching from commensal to context-dependent pathogen-like strategies benefiting gut-bacteria fitness.

Effects of Hyperoxia on Lung Utrastructure

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 26-27
Author(s):  
Gladys Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Oxygen Effects ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Space Age ◽  
Alveolar Septa ◽  
Extensive Damage

With the advent of the space age and the need to determine the requirements for a space cabin atmosphere, oxygen effects came into increased importance, even though these effects have been the subject of continuous research for many years. In fact, Priestly initiated oxygen research when in 1775 he published his results of isolating oxygen and described the effects of breathing it on himself and two mice, the only creatures to have had the “privilege” of breathing this “pure air”.Early studies had demonstrated the central nervous system effects at pressures above one atmosphere. Light microscopy revealed extensive damage to the lungs at one atmosphere. These changes which included perivascular and peribronchial edema, focal hemorrhage, rupture of the alveolar septa, and widespread edema, resulted in death of the animal in less than one week. The severity of the symptoms differed between species and was age dependent, with young animals being more resistant.

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