Cellular Events in the Development of Atherosclerosis

2015 ◽  
pp. 7-15
Author(s):  
Richard Bruckdorfer
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Events

Molecular Dissection of Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion: Oxidative Stress and Cellular Events

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (19) ◽  
pp. 1965-1980 ◽  
Author(s):  
Branislav Rovcanin ◽  
Branislava Medic ◽  
Gordana Kocic ◽  
Tatjana Cebovic ◽  
Marko Ristic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Renal Ischemia ◽  
Molecular Dissection ◽  
Cellular Events

Establishing a model to demonstrate physical and mathematical properties of chromatin fibres in fission yeast cells - Research in the Molecular Biophysics Lab at Hiroshima University

Impact ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 (3) ◽  
pp. 89-91
Author(s):  
Shin-ichi Tate
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Yeast Cells ◽  
Molecular Architecture ◽  
Ministry Of Education ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Sports Science ◽  
Cellular Events ◽  
And Function ◽  
Education Culture ◽  
Open The Doors

The field of molecular biology has provided great insights into the structure and function of key molecules. Thanks to this area of research, we can now grasp the biological details of DNA and have characterised an enormous number of molecules in massive data bases. These 'biological periodic tables' have allowed scientists to connect molecules to particular cellular events, furthering scientific understanding of biological processes. However, molecular biology has yet to answer questions regarding 'higher-order' molecular architecture, such as that of chromatin. Chromatin is the molecular material that serves as the building block for chromosomes, the structures that carry an organism's genetic information inside of the cell's nucleus. Understanding the physical properties of chromatin is crucial in developing a more thorough picture of how chromatin's structure relate to its key cellular functions. Moreover, by establishing a physical model of chromatin, scientists will be able to open the doors into the true inner workings of the cell nucleus. Professor Shin-ichi Tate and his team of researchers at Hiroshima University's Research Center for the Mathematics on Chromatin Live Dynamics (RcMcD), are attempting to do just that. Through a five-year grant funded by the Platform for Dynamic Approaches to Living Systems from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Tate is aiming to gain a clearer understanding of the structure and dynamics of chromatin.

scholarly journals Roles of pRB in the Regulation of Nucleosome and Chromatin Structures

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiharu Uchida
Keyword(s):  
Target Genes ◽  
Chromosome Instability ◽  
Cancer Therapies ◽  
Induce Cell Cycle Arrest ◽  
Cellular Events ◽  
Cycle Arrest ◽  
Histone Modifiers ◽  
Physical Interactions ◽  
Functional Inactivation

Retinoblastoma protein (pRB) interacts with E2F and other protein factors to play a pivotal role in regulating the expression of target genes that induce cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and differentiation. pRB controls the local promoter activity and has the ability to change the structure of nucleosomes and/or chromosomes via histone modification, epigenetic changes, chromatin remodeling, and chromosome organization. Functional inactivation of pRB perturbs these cellular events and causes dysregulated cell growth and chromosome instability, which are hallmarks of cancer cells. The role of pRB in regulation of nucleosome/chromatin structures has been shown to link to tumor suppression. This review focuses on the ability of pRB to control nucleosome/chromatin structures via physical interactions with histone modifiers and chromatin factors and describes cancer therapies based on targeting these protein factors.

scholarly journals Adiponectin: Structure, Physiological Functions, Role in Diseases, and Effects of Nutrition

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1180
Author(s):  
Kayvan Khoramipour ◽  
Karim Chamari ◽  
Amirhosein Ahmadi Hekmatikar ◽  
Amirhosein Ziyaiyan ◽  
Shima Taherkhani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Energy Regulation ◽  
Treatment Interventions ◽  
Adipose Tissues ◽  
Physiological Functions ◽  
Cellular Events ◽  
Healthy Nutrition

Adiponectin (a protein consisting of 244 amino acids and characterized by a molecular weight of 28 kDa) is a cytokine that is secreted from adipose tissues (adipokine). Available evidence suggests that adiponectin is involved in a variety of physiological functions, molecular and cellular events, including lipid metabolism, energy regulation, immune response and inflammation, and insulin sensitivity. It has a protective effect on neurons and neural stem cells. Adiponectin levels have been reported to be negatively correlated with cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes, and shown to be affected (i.e., significantly increased) by proper healthy nutrition. The present review comprehensively overviews the role of adiponectin in a range of diseases, showing that it can be used as a biomarker for diagnosing these disorders as well as a target for monitoring the effectiveness of preventive and treatment interventions.

scholarly journals Allotetraploidization in Brachypodium May Have Led to the Dominance of One Parent’s Metabolome in Germinating Seeds

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 828
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Skalska ◽  
Elzbieta Wolny ◽  
Manfred Beckmann ◽  
John H. Doonan ◽  
Robert Hasterok ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle ◽  
Sugar Metabolism ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Nutrient Mobilization ◽  
Cellular Events ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Germinating Seeds ◽  
Community Standard ◽  
Ecological Range

Seed germination is a complex process during which a mature seed resumes metabolic activity to prepare for seedling growth. In this study, we performed a comparative metabolomic analysis of the embryo and endosperm using the community standard lines of three annual Brachypodium species, i.e., B. distachyon (Bd) and B. stacei (Bs) and their natural allotetraploid B. hybridum (BdBs) that has wider ecological range than the other two species. We explored how far the metabolomic impact of allotetraploidization would be observable as over-lapping changes at 4, 12, and 24 h after imbibition (HAI) with water when germination was initiated. Metabolic changes during germination were more prominent in Brachypodium embryos than in the endosperm. The embryo and endosperm metabolomes of Bs and BdBs were similar, and those of Bd were distinctive. The Bs and BdBs embryos showed increased levels of sugars and the tricarboxylic acid cycle compared to Bd, which could have been indicative of better nutrient mobilization from the endosperm. Bs and BdBs also showed higher oxalate levels that could aid nutrient transfer through altered cellular events. In Brachypodium endosperm, the thick cell wall, in addition to starch, has been suggested to be a source of nutrients to the embryo. Metabolites indicative of sugar metabolism in the endosperm of all three species were not prominent, suggesting that mobilization mostly occurred prior to 4 HAI. Hydroxycinnamic and monolignol changes in Bs and BdBs were consistent with cell wall remodeling that arose following the release of nutrients to the respective embryos. Amino acid changes in both the embryo and endosperm were broadly consistent across the species. Taking our data together, the formation of BdBs may have maintained much of the Bs metabolome in both the embryo and endosperm during the early stages of germination. In the embryo, this conserved Bs metabolome appeared to include an elevated sugar metabolism that played a vital role in germination. If these observations are confirmed in the future with more Brachypodium accessions, it would substantiate the dominance of the Bs metabolome in BdBs allotetraploidization and the use of metabolomics to suggest important adaptive changes.

scholarly journals Mutations and Protein Interaction Landscape Reveal Key Cellular Events Perturbed in Upper Motor Neurons with HSP and PLS

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 578
Author(s):  
Oge Gozutok ◽  
Benjamin Ryan Helmold ◽  
P. Hande Ozdinler
Keyword(s):  
Motor Neurons ◽  
Protein Interaction ◽  
Protein Interactions ◽  
Cortical Neurons ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Functional Identification ◽  
Protein Protein Interaction ◽  
Cellular Events ◽  
Interaction Domains ◽  
Upper Motor Neurons

Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) and primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) are rare motor neuron diseases, which affect mostly the upper motor neurons (UMNs) in patients. The UMNs display early vulnerability and progressive degeneration, while other cortical neurons mostly remain functional. Identification of numerous mutations either directly linked or associated with HSP and PLS begins to reveal the genetic component of UMN diseases. Since each of these mutations are identified on genes that code for a protein, and because cellular functions mostly depend on protein-protein interactions, we hypothesized that the mutations detected in patients and the alterations in protein interaction domains would hold the key to unravel the underlying causes of their vulnerability. In an effort to bring a mechanistic insight, we utilized computational analyses to identify interaction partners of proteins and developed the protein-protein interaction landscape with respect to HSP and PLS. Protein-protein interaction domains, upstream regulators and canonical pathways begin to highlight key cellular events. Here we report that proteins involved in maintaining lipid homeostasis and cytoarchitectural dynamics and their interactions are of great importance for UMN health and stability. Their perturbation may result in neuronal vulnerability, and thus maintaining their balance could offer therapeutic interventions.

scholarly journals Highly Specialized Ubiquitin-Like Modifications: Shedding Light into the UFM1 Enigma

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 255
Author(s):  
Katharina F. Witting ◽  
Monique P.C. Mulder
Keyword(s):  
Dna Repair ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Er Stress ◽  
Unmet Needs ◽  
Biological Function ◽  
Post Translational Modification ◽  
Er Stress Response ◽  
Cellular Events ◽  
Complex Signaling

Post-translational modification with Ubiquitin-like proteins represents a complex signaling language regulating virtually every cellular process. Among these post-translational modifiers is Ubiquitin-fold modifier (UFM1), which is covalently attached to its substrates through the orchestrated action of a dedicated enzymatic cascade. Originally identified to be involved embryonic development, its biological function remains enigmatic. Recent research reveals that UFM1 regulates a variety of cellular events ranging from DNA repair to autophagy and ER stress response implicating its involvement in a variety of diseases. Given the contribution of UFM1 to numerous pathologies, the enzymes of the UFM1 cascade represent attractive targets for pharmacological inhibition. Here we discuss the current understanding of this cryptic post-translational modification especially its contribution to disease as well as expand on the unmet needs of developing chemical and biochemical tools to dissect its role.

scholarly journals How Do Trees Grow in Girth? Controversy on the Role of Cellular Events in the Vascular Cambium

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Wilczek-Ponce ◽  
Wiesław Włoch ◽  
Muhammad Iqbal
Keyword(s):  
Woody Plants ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Apical Cell ◽  
Vascular Cambium ◽  
Cell Dynamics ◽  
Cellular Events ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
New Interpretation ◽  
Cambial Cells ◽  
Periclinal Walls

AbstractRadial growth has long been a subject of interest in tree biology research. Recent studies have brought a significant change in the understanding of some basic processes characteristic to the vascular cambium, a meristem that produces secondary vascular tissues (phloem and xylem) in woody plants. A new hypothesis regarding the mechanism of intrusive growth of the cambial initials, which has been ratified by studies of the arrangement of cambial cells, negates the influence of this apical cell growth on the expansion of the cambial circumference. Instead, it suggests that the tip of the elongating cambial initial intrudes between the tangential (periclinal) walls, rather than the radial (anticlinal) walls, of the initial(s) and its(their) derivative(s) lying ahead of the elongating cell tip. The new concept also explains the hitherto obscure mechanism of the cell event called ‘elimination of initials’. This article evaluates these new concepts of the cambial cell dynamics and offers a new interpretation for some curious events occurring in the cambial meristem in relation to the radial growth in woody plants.

scholarly journals The Role of Ubiquitination in Regulating Embryonic Stem Cell Maintenance and Cancer Development

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 2667 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dian Wang ◽  
Fan Bu ◽  
Weiwei Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
Embryonic Stem Cell ◽  
Cancer Biology ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Developmental Defects ◽  
Stem Cell Maintenance ◽  
Substrate Protein ◽  
Cellular Events ◽  
Ubiquitin Conjugating Enzymes ◽  
Cell Maintenance

Ubiquitination regulates nearly every aspect of cellular events in eukaryotes. It modifies intracellular proteins with 76-amino acid polypeptide ubiquitin (Ub) and destines them for proteolysis or activity alteration. Ubiquitination is generally achieved by a tri-enzyme machinery involving ubiquitin activating enzymes (E1), ubiquitin conjugating enzymes (E2) and ubiquitin ligases (E3). E1 activates Ub and transfers it to the active cysteine site of E2 via a transesterification reaction. E3 coordinates with E2 to mediate isopeptide bond formation between Ub and substrate protein. The E1-E2-E3 cascade can create diverse types of Ub modifications, hence effecting distinct outcomes on the substrate proteins. Dysregulation of ubiquitination results in severe consequences and human diseases. There include cancers, developmental defects and immune disorders. In this review, we provide an overview of the ubiquitination machinery and discuss the recent progresses in the ubiquitination-mediated regulation of embryonic stem cell maintenance and cancer biology.

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