Metabolic Effects of Regulatory Peptides of the Gastrointestinal Tract

2015 ◽  
pp. 58-69
Author(s):  
John C. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Regulatory Peptides ◽  
Metabolic Effects

Nematodes and nutrient partitioning

2003 ◽  
Vol 43 (12) ◽  
pp. 1419 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. C. Roy ◽  
E. N. Bermingham ◽  
I. A. Sutherland ◽  
W. C. McNabb
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Protein Loss ◽  
Nutrient Utilisation ◽  
Amino Acid Utilisation

Subclinical infection of sheep with gastrointestinal nematodes results in the diversion of nutrients from growth and development towards the repair of damaged intestinal tissues and to sustain the metabolic shifts (nutritional, hormonal and immune) occuring in tissues affected by the parasites. These metabolic effects include decreased nitrogen retention; increased amino acid utilisation and oxidation in the gastrointestinal tract; increased endogenous protein loss and altered protein synthesis in the gastrointestinal tract; increased amino acid utilisation and protein synthesis in the liver and activation of the immune system. These observations strongly suggest that there is competition between the key tissues involved in parasitism and that metabolic decisions are made resulting in the re-prioritisation of nutrient utilisation between the tissues in this inter-organ system. Nutritional status of the host can influence the pathogenesis of parasitic infection and well-nourished animals generally withstand parasitism better than those less adequately fed. Recent studies have focused on the effect of restricting intake on the acquisition of immunity in sheep selected either for resistance or susceptibility to nematodes. The major outcome of these studies was the increase of peripheral eosinophil counts in resistant animals infected with Trichostrongylus colubriformis when fed on an ad libitum diet compared with similar animals fed the same diet at a maintenance level. This was inversely correlated to the numbers of adult parasites recovered. Intake seems to be the primary determinant of the expression of immunity in sheep selected for resistance against nematodes.

scholarly journals Localization of amidating enzymes (PAM) in rat gastrointestinal tract.

1993 ◽  
Vol 41 (11) ◽  
pp. 1617-1622 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Martínez ◽  
M A Burrell ◽  
M Kuijk ◽  
L M Montuenga ◽  
A Treston ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Endocrine Cells ◽  
Regulatory Peptides ◽  
Serial Sections ◽  
Gastric Glands ◽  
Amidating Enzymes

We studied the distribution of the two enzymes involved in post-translational C-terminal alpha-amidation of regulatory peptides in rat digestive tract, using immunocytochemical methods and in situ hybridization techniques. The enzymes were located in most of the fibers and neurons of the myenteric and submucous plexus throughout the entire digestive tract and in endocrine cells of the stomach and colon. Staining of reverse-face serial sections demonstrated that the enzymes in endocrine cells of the stomach co-localized with gastrin in the bottom of the gastric glands. Some gastrin-immunoreactive cells near the neck of the gland were negative for PAM, suggesting that amidation takes place only in the more mature cells. In the colon all cells immunoreactive for glucagon and GLP1 were also positive for peptidylglycine alpha-hydroxylating monooxygenase (PHM) but not for peptidyl-alpha-hydroxyglycine alpha-amidating lyase (PAL). The absence of immunoreactivity for the amidating enzymes in endocrine cells of the small intestine, known to produce C-terminally amidated peptides, suggests the existence of other amidating enzymes.

Effect of chronic alcohol intake on muscle composition and metabolic balance of calcium and phosphate in rats

1985 ◽  
Vol 249 (6) ◽  
pp. E584-E588 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Adler ◽  
E. J. Fillipone ◽  
G. M. Berlyne
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Mineral Metabolism ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Chronic Alcoholism ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Chronic Alcohol ◽  
Metabolic Balance ◽  
Alcoholic Myopathy ◽  
Adaptive Mechanisms ◽  
Mineral Concentrations

Chronic alcoholism is associated with abnormalities of serum and muscle mineral metabolism. Decreased muscle phosphate and magnesium and increased muscle calcium have been proposed as significant factors in the development of alcoholic myopathy. As the mechanisms producing these abnormalities remain unknown, we sought to reexamine these findings and investigate the extent to which the kidney and gastrointestinal tract contribute to their pathogenesis. Serum and muscle from rats receiving 20% of their caloric intake as ethyl alcohol were analyzed for PO4, Ca, Mg, Na, and K at 0 and 20 wk and compared with isocalorically fed normals. In addition, individual metabolic balance studies were carried out over 72 h for Ca and PO4 in normal and alcohol-fed rats. The results of serum and muscle analyses did not reveal any differences among the groups for any of the minerals examined. Metabolic balance studies demonstrated that despite a significantly lower Ca and PO4 intake in the alcoholic rats (P less than 0.003) net balance remained the same as in controls. This was due to the retention of a significantly larger proportion of the ingested mineral and was achieved for both Ca (P less than 0.05) and PO4 (P less than 0.03) by means of greater gastrointestinal absorption and additionally for PO4 by a reduction in renal excretion (P less than 0.005). We conclude that in the rat chronic alcohol ingestion is not associated with abnormalities in serum or muscle mineral concentrations, normal adaptive mechanisms by the kidney and gastrointestinal tract compensate appropriately for differences in dietary Ca and PO4, and the rat may not be a suitable species for the study of metabolic effects of chronic alcoholism.

Effect of capsaicin pretreatment on regulatory peptides in the rat gastrointestinal tract

1990 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 180 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Evangelista ◽  
Daniela Renzi ◽  
Paola Guzzi ◽  
E. Theodorsson ◽  
C.A. Maggi
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Regulatory Peptides

scholarly journals The SURMetaGIT study: Design and rationale for a prospective pan-omics examination of the gastrointestinal response to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 1359-1375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priscila Sala ◽  
Giliane Belarmino ◽  
Natasha Mendonça Machado ◽  
Camila Siqueira Cardinelli ◽  
Karina Al Assal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Bypass ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Gastric Bypass Surgery ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Integrated Analysis ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Central Organ ◽  
Surgically Induced

Objective To describe the protocol of the SURgically induced Metabolic effects on the Human GastroIntestinal Tract (SURMetaGIT) study, a clinical pan-omics study exploring the gastrointestinal tract as a central organ driving remission of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). The main points considered in the study’s design and challenges faced in its application are detailed. Methods This observational, longitudinal, prospective study involved collection of gastrointestinal biopsy specimens, faeces, urine, and blood from 25 obese women with T2DM who were candidates for RYGB (20 patients for omics assessment and 5 for omics validation). These collections were performed preoperatively and 3 and 24 months postoperatively. Gastrointestinal transcriptomics; faecal metagenomics and metabolomics; plasma proteomics, lipidomics, and metabolomics; and biochemical, nutritional, and metabolic data were assessed to identify their short- and long-term correlations with T2DM remission. Results Data were collected from 20 patients before and 3 months after RYGB. These patients have nearly completed the 2-year follow-up assessments. The five additional patients are currently being selected for omics data validation. Conclusion The multi-integrated pan-omics approach of the SURMetaGIT study enables integrated analysis of data that will contribute to the understanding of molecular mechanisms involved in T2DM remission after RYGB.

scholarly journals Metabolic Effects of Bovine Milk Oligosaccharides on Selected Commensals of the Infant Microbiome—Commensalism and Postbiotic Effects

Metabolites ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 167
Author(s):  
Louise M. A. Jakobsen ◽  
Maria X. Maldonado-Gómez ◽  
Ulrik K. Sundekilde ◽  
Henrik J. Andersen ◽  
Dennis S. Nielsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Carbon Source ◽  
Synergistic Effect ◽  
Clostridium Perfringens ◽  
Metabolic Activity ◽  
Bifidobacterium Longum ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Lower Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Milk Oligosaccharides

Oligosaccharides from human or bovine milk selectively stimulate growth or metabolism of bacteria associated with the lower gastrointestinal tract of infants. Results from complex infant-type co-cultures point toward a possible synergistic effect of combining bovine milk oligosaccharides (BMO) and lactose (LAC) on enhancing the metabolism of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum and inhibition of Clostridium perfringens. We examine the interaction between B. longum subsp. longum and the commensal Parabacteroides distasonis, by culturing them in mono- and co-culture with different carbohydrates available. To understand the interaction between BMO and lactose on B. longum subsp. longum and test the potential postbiotic effect on C. perfringens growth and/or metabolic activity, we inoculated C. perfringens into fresh media and compared the metabolic changes to C. perfringens in cell-free supernatant from B. longum subsp. longum fermented media. In co-culture, B. longum subsp. longum benefits from P. distasonis (commensalism), especially in a lactose-rich environment. Furthermore, B. longum subsp. longum fermentation of BMO + LAC impaired C. perfringens’ ability to utilize BMO as a carbon source (potential postbiotic effect).

An immunocytochemical study of regulatory peptides in the amphibian gastrointestinal tract

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. J. Buchan
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Substance P ◽  
Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide ◽  
Pancreatic Polypeptide ◽  
Endocrine Cells ◽  
Regulatory Peptides ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide ◽  
Ambystoma Mexicanum ◽  
Intestinal Polypeptide

Samples from the gastrointestinal tract of two urodele and eight anuran species were investigated by immunocytochemical methods for the presence of structures immunoreactive with a range of antisera raised to the mammalian regulatory peptides. The regulatory peptides involved were gastrin, cholecystokinin, motilin, secretin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, pancreatic glucagon, enteroglucagon, glicentin, neurotensin, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, substance P, Met-enkephalin, bombesin, and β-endorphin. In the majority of the species investigated, immunoreactive epithelial endocrine cells were demonstrated with the antisera to somatostatin, gastrin, enteroglucagon, and neurotensin. Motilin-containing cells were observed in a single species, Ambystoma mexicanum. Of the peptides detected within the mammalian innervation, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, substance P, Met-enkephalin, and β-endorphin immunoreactive nerve fibres were seen. The distribution of the immunoreactive nerves differed significantly with species. Bombesin immunoreactivity was not seen within the innervation, although a population of endocrine cells was detected within the corpus of several species. No immunoreactivity was observed with the antisera to secretin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, or pancreatic polypeptide in the species investigated.

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