Eye- and Head-Movement-Related Activity in the Fastigial Nucleus of the Alert Monkey

2015 ◽  
pp. 351-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrich B�ttner ◽  
Albert F. Fuchs
Keyword(s):  
Head Movement ◽  
Fastigial Nucleus ◽  
Related Activity ◽  
Alert Monkey

Head-Unrestrained Gaze Shifts After Muscimol Injection in the Caudal Fastigial Nucleus of the Monkey

2007 ◽  
Vol 98 (6) ◽  
pp. 3269-3283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Quinet ◽  
Laurent Goffart
Keyword(s):  
Feedback Control ◽  
Head Movement ◽  
Peak Velocity ◽  
Head Movements ◽  
Fastigial Nucleus ◽  
Gaze Shifts ◽  
Movement Accuracy ◽  
Central Target ◽  
Target Eccentricity ◽  
Vertical Gaze

The effects of unilateral cFN inactivation on horizontal and vertical gaze shifts generated from a central target toward peripheral ones were tested in two head unrestrained monkeys. After muscimol injection, the eye component was hypermetric during ipsilesional gaze shifts, hypometric during contralesional ones and deviated toward the injected side during vertical gaze shifts. The ipsilesional gaze hypermetria increased with target eccentricity until ∼24° after which it diminished and became smaller than the hypermetria of the eye component. Contrary to eye saccades, the amplitude and peak velocity of which were enhanced, the amplitude and peak velocity of head movements were reduced during ipsilesional gaze shifts. These changes in head movement were not correlated with those affecting the eye saccades. Head movements were also delayed relative to the onset of eye saccades. The alterations in head movement and the faster eye saccades likely explained the reduced head contribution to the amplitude of ipsilesional gaze shifts. The contralesional gaze hypometria increased with target eccentricity and was associated with uncorrelated reductions in eye and head peak velocities. When compared with control movements of similar amplitude, contralesional eye saccades had lower peak velocity and longer duration. This slowing likely accounted for the increase in head contribution to the amplitude of contralesional gaze shifts. These data suggest different pathways for the fastigial control of eye and head components during gaze shifts. Saccade dysmetria was not compensated by appropriate changes in head contribution, raising the issue of the feedback control of movement accuracy during combined eye-head gaze shifts.

Vestibular Signals in the Fastigial Nucleus of the Alert Monkey

1996 ◽  
Vol 781 (1 Lipids and Sy) ◽  
pp. 304-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. BÜTTNER ◽  
CH. SIEBOLD ◽  
L. GLONTI
Keyword(s):  
Fastigial Nucleus ◽  
Alert Monkey

scholarly journals Respiratory-related neurons of the fastigial nucleus in response to chemical and mechanical challenges

1997 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 1177-1184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fadi Xu ◽  
Donald T. Frazier
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Muscle Contraction ◽  
Firing Rate ◽  
Functional Residual Capacity ◽  
Fastigial Nucleus ◽  
Related Activity ◽  
Lung Inflation ◽  
Single Breath ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Contraction ◽  
Residual Capacity

Xu, Fadi, and Donald T. Frazier. Respiratory-related neurons of the fastigial nucleus in response to chemical and mechanical challenges. J. Appl. Physiol. 82(4): 1177–1184, 1997.—Responses of cerebellar respiratory-related neurons (CRRNs) within the rostral fastigial nucleus and the phrenic neurogram to activation of respiratory mechano- and chemoreceptors were recorded in anesthetized, paralyzed, and ventilated cats. Respiratory challenges included the following: 1) cessation of the ventilator for a single breath at the end of inspiration (lung inflation) or at functional residual capacity, 2) cessation of the ventilator for multiple breaths, and 3) exposure to hypercapnia. Nineteen CRRNs having spontaneous activity during control conditions were characterized as either independent (basic, n = 14) or dependent (pump, n = 5) on the ventilator movement. Thirteen recruited CRRNs showed no respiratory-related activity until breathing was stressed. Burst durations of expiratory CRRNs were prolonged by sustained lung inflation but were inhibited when the volume was sustained at functional residual capacity; it was vice versa for inspiratory CRRNs. Multiple-breath cessation of the ventilator and hypercapnia significantly increased the firing rate and/or burst duration concomitant with changes noted in the phrenic neurogram. We conclude that CRRNs respond to respiratory inputs from CO2 chemo- and pulmonary mechanoreceptors in the absence of skeletal muscle contraction.

Trunk Position Influences Vestibular Responses of Fastigial Nucleus Neurons in the Alert Monkey

2004 ◽  
Vol 91 (5) ◽  
pp. 2090-2100 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Kleine ◽  
Y. Guan ◽  
E. Kipiani ◽  
L. Glonti ◽  
M. Hoshi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stimulus Frequency ◽  
Vestibular Stimulation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fastigial Nucleus ◽  
Alert Monkey ◽  
Vestibular Information ◽  
Vector Orientation ◽  
The Right ◽  
Head Positions

Vestibulospinal reflexes play an important role for body stabilization during locomotion and for postural control. For an appropriate distribution of vestibular signals to spinal motoneurons, the orientation of the body relative to the head needs to be taken into account. For different trunk positions, identical vestibular stimuli must activate different sets of muscles to ensure body stabilization. Because the cerebellar vermis and the underlying fastigial nucleus (FN) might be involved in this task, vestibular neurons in the rostral FN of alert rhesus monkeys were recorded during sinusoidal vestibular stimulation (0.1–1.0 Hz) in the roll and pitch planes at different trunk-re-head positions (center and ±45°). From the sensitivity and phase values measured in these planes, the response properties in the intermediate planes and the stimulus orientation eliciting the optimal response [response vector orientation (RVO)] were calculated. In most neurons, the RVOs rotated systematically with respect to the head, when trunk-re-head position was altered, so that they tended to maintain their orientation with respect to the trunk. Sensitivity and phase at the RVO were not affected. This pattern was the same for neurons in the right and left FN and independent of stimulus frequency. The average sensitivity of this partially compensatory RVO shift in response to trunk-re-head displacements, evaluated by linear regression analyses, was 0.59°/° ( n = 73 neurons). These data show that FN neurons may encode vestibular information in a coordinate system that is closer to a trunk-centered than to a head-centered reference frame. They indicate an important role of this nucleus in motor programs related to posture and gait control.

Fastigial nucleus activity in the alert monkey during slow eye and head movements

1991 ◽  
Vol 65 (6) ◽  
pp. 1360-1371 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. Buttner ◽  
A. F. Fuchs ◽  
G. Markert-Schwab ◽  
P. Buckmaster
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Pursuit ◽  
Head Movements ◽  
Fastigial Nucleus ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Oculomotor Control ◽  
Alert Monkey ◽  
Full Field ◽  
Head Velocity ◽  
Small Spot ◽  
Head Rotations

1. Single units were recorded extracellularly from the fastigial nucleus of three macaque monkeys. Two untrained animals were subjected to whole-body yaw rotations in the light and dark and to full-field horizontal optokinetic stimuli provided by a drum with vertical stripes. The third also was subjected to sinusoidal yaw rotations but, in addition, was trained to follow a small spot, which moved in various ways relative to the animal, to reveal possible smooth pursuit and vestibular sensitivities. 2. On the basis of their responses to vestibular and optokinetic stimuli and their responses during smooth pursuit, fastigial neurons could be divided functionally into a rostral and a caudal group. 3. Most rostral neurons exhibited an increased firing for contralateral head rotations and ipsilateral optokinetic stimuli. A few had the opposite combination of directional preferences. The average firing rates increased monotonically both with contralateral head velocity and ipsilateral drum velocity and decreased monotonically for the oppositely directed movements. There was no change in firing rate for either spontaneous saccades or smooth pursuit of a small moving spot. 4. In contrast, neurons in the caudal fastigial nuclei not only have a robust vestibular sensitivity, but respond during smooth pursuit as well. Most discharge during contralateral head velocity and contralateral smooth pursuit so that they exhibit very little modulation during the vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) or when the rotating animal is fixating a target stationary in the world (SIW). The remaining neurons discharge during contralateral head rotations but ipsilateral eye rotations; these units exhibit their greatest modulation during the SIW condition. 5. Because they respond during quite different behavioral situations, it seems likely that rostral fastigial neurons are involved with descending control of the somatic musculature, whereas the caudal neurons are involved in oculomotor control. The sparse anatomic and lesion data that is available is consistent with this idea.

Orienting Gaze Shifts During Muscimol Inactivation of Caudal Fastigial Nucleus in the Cat. II. Dynamics and Eye-Head Coupling

1998 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 1959-1976 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurent Goffart ◽  
Denis Pélisson ◽  
Alain Guillaume
Keyword(s):  
Head Movement ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Slight Modification ◽  
Companion Paper ◽  
Fastigial Nucleus ◽  
Movement Direction ◽  
Movement Initiation ◽  
Gaze Shifts ◽  
Gaze Shift ◽  
Velocity Decrease

Goffart, Laurent, Denis Pélisson, and Alain Guillaume. Orienting gaze shifts during muscimol inactivation of caudalfastigial nucleus in the cat. II. Dynamics and eye-head coupling. J. Neurophysiol. 79: 1959–1976, 1998. We have shown in the companion paper that muscimol injection in the caudal part of the fastigial nucleus (cFN) consistently leads to dysmetria of visually triggered gaze shifts that depends on movement direction. Based on the observations of a constant error and misdirected movements toward the inactivated side, we have proposed that the cFN contributes to the specification of the goal of the impending ipsiversive gaze shift. To test this hypothesis and also to better define the nature of the hypometria that affects contraversive gaze shifts, we report in this paper on various aspects of movement dynamics and of eye/head coordination patterns. Unilateral muscimol injection in cFN leads to a slight modification in the dynamics of both ipsiversive and contraversive gaze shifts (average velocity decrease = 55°/s). This slowing in gaze displacements results from changes in both eye and head. In some experiments, a larger gaze velocity decrease is observed for ipsiversive gaze shifts as compared with contraversive ones, and this change is restricted to the deceleration phase. For two particular experiments testing the effect of visual feedback, we have observed a dramatic decrease in the velocity of ipsiversive gaze shifts after the animal had received visual information about its inaccurate gaze responses; but virtually no change in hypermetria was noted. These observations suggest that there is no obvious causal relationship between changes in dynamics and in accuracy of gaze shifts after muscimol injection in the cFN. Eye and head both contribute to the dysmetria of gaze. Indeed, muscimol injection leads to parallel changes in amplitude of both ocular and cephalic components. As a global result, the relative contribution of eye and head to the amplitude of ipsiversive gaze shifts remains statistically indistinguishable from that of control responses, and a small (1.6°) increase in the head contribution to contraversive gaze shifts is found. The delay between eye and head movement onsets is increased by 7.3 ± 7.4 ms for contraversive and decreased by 8.3 ± 10.1 ms for ipsiversive gaze shifts, corresponding respectively to an increased or decreased lead time of head movement initiation. The modest changes in gaze dynamics, the absence of a link between eventual dynamics changes and dysmetria, and a similar pattern of eye-head coordination to that of control responses, altogether are compatible with the hypothesis that the hypermetria of ipsiversive gaze shifts results from an impaired specification of the metrics of the impending gaze shift. Regarding contraversive gaze shifts, the weak changes in head contribution do not seem to reflect a pathological coordination between eye and head but would rather result from the tonic deviations of gaze and head toward the inactivated side. Hence, our data suggest that the hypometria of contraversive gaze shifts also might result largely from an alteration of processes that specify the goal rather than the on-going trajectory, of saccadic gaze shifts.

Canal-otolith interaction in the fastigial nucleus of the alert monkey

2001 ◽  
Vol 136 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Siebold ◽  
E. Anagnostou ◽  
S. Glasauer ◽  
L. Glonti ◽  
J.F. Kleine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fastigial Nucleus ◽  
Alert Monkey

Rostral Fastigial Nucleus Activity in the Alert Monkey During Three-Dimensional Passive Head Movements

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 1432-1446 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Siebold ◽  
L. Glonti ◽  
S. Glasauer ◽  
U. Büttner
Keyword(s):  
Phase Relation ◽  
Response Pattern ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Head Movements ◽  
Fastigial Nucleus ◽  
Head Orientation ◽  
Alert Monkey ◽  
Horizontal Canal ◽  
Response Vector ◽  
Dynamic Stimulation

Siebold, C., L. Glonti, S. Glasauer, and U. Büttner. Rostral fastigial nucleus activity in the alert monkey during three-dimensional passive head movements. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 1432–1446, 1997. The fastigial nucleus (FN) receives vestibular information predominantly from Purkinje cells of the vermis. FN in the monkey can be divided in a rostral part, related to spinal mechanisms, and a caudal part with oculomotor functions. To understand the role of FN during movements in space, single-unit activity in alert monkeys was recorded during passive three-dimensional head movements from rostral FN. Seated monkeys were rotated sinusoidally around a horizontal earth-fixed axis (vertical stimulation) at different orientations 15° apart (including roll, pitch, vertical canal plane and intermediate planes). In addition, sinusoidal rotations around an earth-vertical axis (yaw stimulus) included different roll and pitch positions (±10°, ±20°). The latter positions were also used for static stimulation. One hundred fifty-eight neurons in two monkeys were modulated during the sinusoidal vertical search stimulation. The vast majority showed a uniform response pattern: a maximum at a specific head orientation (response vector orientation) and a null response 90° apart. Detailed analysis was obtained from 111 neurons. On the basis of their phase relation during dynamic stimulation and their response to static tilt, these neurons were classified as vertical semicircular canal related ( n = 79, 71.2%) or otolith related ( n = 25; 22.5%). Only seven neurons did not follow the usual response pattern and were classified as complex neurons. For the vertical canal-related neurons ( n = 79) all eight major response vector orientations (ipsilateral or contralateral anterior canal, posterior canal, roll, and nose-down and nose-up pitch) were found in FN on one side. Neurons with ipsilateral orientations were more numerous and on average more sensitive than those with contralateral orientations. Twenty-eight percent of the vertical canal-related neurons also responded to horizontal canal stimulation. None of the vertical canal-related neurons responded to static tilt. Otolith-related neurons ( n = 25) had a phase relation close to head position and were considerably less numerous than canal-related neurons. Except for pitch, all other response vector orientations were found. Seventy percent of these neurons responding during dynamic stimulation also responded during static tilt. The sensitivity during dynamic stimulation was always higher than during static stimulation. Sixty-one percent of the otolith-related neurons responded also to horizontal canal stimulation. These results show that in FN, robust vestibular signals are abundant. Canal-related responses are much more common than otolith-related responses. Although for many canal neurons the responses can be related to single canal planes, convergence between vertical canals but also with horizontal canals is common.

Role of pinnae and head movements in localizing pure tones 1The authors would like to thank Mr. Remi Humbert for implementing the experiment in Turbo Pascal and for his further assistance.

1999 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 170-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara S. Muller ◽  
Pierre Bovet
Keyword(s):  
Sound Source ◽  
Head Movement ◽  
Movement Analysis ◽  
Head Movements ◽  
Sound Sources ◽  
Localization Accuracy ◽  
Sound Effects ◽  
Posterior Quadrant ◽  
Localization Performance ◽  
Pure Tones

Twelve blindfolded subjects localized two different pure tones, randomly played by eight sound sources in the horizontal plane. Either subjects could get information supplied by their pinnae (external ear) and their head movements or not. We found that pinnae, as well as head movements, had a marked influence on auditory localization performance with this type of sound. Effects of pinnae and head movements seemed to be additive; the absence of one or the other factor provoked the same loss of localization accuracy and even much the same error pattern. Head movement analysis showed that subjects turn their face towards the emitting sound source, except for sources exactly in the front or exactly in the rear, which are identified by turning the head to both sides. The head movement amplitude increased smoothly as the sound source moved from the anterior to the posterior quadrant.

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