Cellular Pathogenesis of Human Immunodeficiency Viruses Types 1 and 2

2015 ◽  
pp. 107-115
Author(s):  
R. A. Weiss ◽  
P. R. Clapham
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Viruses ◽  
Cellular Pathogenesis

scholarly journals Human Immunodeficiency Viruses Pseudotyped with SARS-CoV-2 Spike Proteins Infect a Broad Spectrum of Human Cell Lines through Multiple Entry Mechanisms

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 953
Author(s):  
Chuan Xu ◽  
Annie Wang ◽  
Ke Geng ◽  
William Honnen ◽  
Xuening Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Lines ◽  
Viral Entry ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
A549 Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Pseudotyped Virus ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Viruses ◽  
Tyrosine Protein Kinase ◽  
Overexpressing Cell

Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), enters cells through attachment to the human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) via the receptor-binding domain (RBD) in the surface/spike (S) protein. Several pseudotyped viruses expressing SARS-CoV-2 S proteins are available, but many of these can only infect hACE2-overexpressing cell lines. Here, we report the use of a simple, two-plasmid, pseudotyped virus system comprising a SARS-CoV-2 spike-expressing plasmid and an HIV vector with or without vpr to investigate the SARS-CoV-2 entry event in various cell lines. When an HIV vector without vpr was used, pseudotyped SARS-CoV-2 viruses produced in the presence of fetal bovine serum (FBS) were able to infect only engineered hACE2-overexpressing cell lines, whereas viruses produced under serum-free conditions were able to infect a broader range of cells, including cells without hACE2 overexpression. When an HIV vector containing vpr was used, pseudotyped viruses were able to infect a broad spectrum of cell types regardless of whether viruses were produced in the presence or absence of FBS. Infection sensitivities of various cell types did not correlate with mRNA abundance of hACE2, TMPRSS2, or TMPRSS4. Pseudotyped SARS-CoV-2 viruses and replication-competent SARS-CoV-2 virus were equally sensitive to neutralization by an anti-spike RBD antibody in cells with high abundance of hACE2. However, the anti-spike RBD antibody did not block pseudotyped viral entry into cell lines with low abundance of hACE2. We further found that CD147 was involved in viral entry in A549 cells with low abundance of hACE2. Thus, our assay is useful for drug and antibody screening as well as for investigating cellular receptors, including hACE2, CD147, and tyrosine-protein kinase receptor UFO (AXL), for the SARS-CoV-2 entry event in various cell lines.

scholarly journals High throughput generation and characterization of replication-competent clade C transmitter-founder simian human immunodeficiency viruses

PLoS ONE ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. e0196942 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debashis Dutta ◽  
Samuel Johnson ◽  
Alisha Dalal ◽  
Martin J. Deymier ◽  
Eric Hunter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Throughput ◽  
Clade C ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Viruses

Increased Rate of Protease Inhibitor-resistance Associated Mutations in Human Immunodeficiency Viruses Infecting Mexicans who had Been Living Abroad

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvana Larrea-Schiavon ◽  
Celia Hubert ◽  
René Leyva-Flores ◽  
Jacqueline M. Sánchez-Domínguez ◽  
Juan Pablo Ramírez-Hinojosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protease Inhibitor ◽  
Protease Inhibitor Resistance ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Viruses ◽  
Inhibitor Resistance

scholarly journals Direct In Vitro Binding of Full-Length Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Nef Protein to CD4 Cytoplasmic Domain

2001 ◽  
Vol 75 (8) ◽  
pp. 3960-3964 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Preusser ◽  
Lars Briese ◽  
Andreas S. Baur ◽  
Dieter Willbold
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
In Vitro Binding ◽  
Vitro Binding ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
N Terminus ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Viruses ◽  
Direct Binding

ABSTRACT The Nef protein of the simian and human immunodeficiency viruses is known to directly bind and downregulate the CD4 receptor. Although the molecular mechanism is well understood, direct binding of Nef and CD4 is difficult to demonstrate and is believed to be of low affinity. Applying nuclear magnetic resonance and fluorescence spectroscopy, we biophysically reevaluated the CD4-Nef complex and found the dissociation constant to be in the submicromolar range. We conclude that additional, so far disregarded residues in the N terminus of Nef are important for interaction with CD4.

scholarly journals Viral Burden and Disease Progression in Rhesus Monkeys Infected with Chimeric Simian–Human Immunodeficiency Viruses

Virology ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 256 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith A. Reimann ◽  
Andrew Watson ◽  
Peter J. Dailey ◽  
Wenyu Lin ◽  
Carol I. Lord ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Progression ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Viral Burden ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Viruses
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