Lymphokines and Monokines in the Neuroendocrine System

2015 ◽  
pp. 84-120
Author(s):  
Etty N. Benveniste
Keyword(s):  
Neuroendocrine System

Biological Underpinnings of Health Alterations in Women With PTSD: A Sex Disparity

2005 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica M. Gill ◽  
Sarah L. Szanton ◽  
Gayle G. Page
Keyword(s):  
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Neuroendocrine System ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Fourfold Increase ◽  
Sex Disparity ◽  
Th1 Immune Response

Women develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) at twice the rate of men, even though fewer women than men experience traumatic events over their lifetimes. Current studies of individuals with PTSD provide evidence of alterations in the neuroendocrine system that involve levels and activity of cortisol and DHEA and changes in immune function that predispose these individuals toward an innate (Th1) immune response. Yet few studies have addressed the possible role of these biologic alterations in women’s increased vulnerability to developing PTSD. In addition, current studies are limited in their ability to link biologic alterations to the observed fourfold increase in medical conditions in women with PTSD as compared to women without PTSD. And finally, few studies have addressed the biologic impact of co-occurring major depressive disorder (MDD) in individuals with PTSD. This critical review provides an update on neuroendocrine and immune perturbations associated with PTSD with and without cooccurring MDD to suggest links to health and possible mechanisms underlying the observed sex disparity in the development of PTSD.

scholarly journals Cell-specific expression and individual function of prohormone convertase PC1/3 in Tribolium larval growth highlights major evolutionary changes between beetle and fly neuroendocrine systems

EvoDevo ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonja Fritzsche ◽  
Vera S. Hunnekuhl
Keyword(s):  
Larval Growth ◽  
Neuroendocrine System ◽  
Small Subset ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Individual Function ◽  
Evolutionary Changes ◽  
Cell Groups ◽  
Cell Type Specific Expression ◽  
And Function

Abstract Background The insect neuroendocrine system acts in the regulation of physiology, development and growth. Molecular evolution of this system hence has the potential to allow for major biological differences between insect groups. Two prohormone convertases, PC1/3 and PC2, are found in animals and both function in the processing of neuropeptide precursors in the vertebrate neurosecretory pathway. Whereas PC2-function is conserved between the fly Drosophila and vertebrates, ancestral PC1/3 was lost in the fly lineage and has not been functionally studied in any protostome. Results In order to understand its original functions and the changes accompanying the gene loss in the fly, we investigated PC1/3 and PC2 expression and function in the beetle Tribolium castaneum. We found that PC2 is broadly expressed in the nervous system, whereas surprisingly, PC1/3 expression is restricted to specific cell groups in the posterior brain and suboesophageal ganglion. Both proteases have parallel but non-redundant functions in adult beetles’ viability and fertility. Female infertility following RNAi is caused by a failure to deposit sufficient yolk to the developing oocytes. Larval RNAi against PC2 produced moulting defects where the larvae were not able to shed their old cuticle. This ecdysis phenotype was also observed in a small subset of PC1/3 knockdown larvae and was strongest in a double knockdown. Unexpectedly, most PC1/3-RNAi larvae showed strongly reduced growth, but went through larval moults despite minimal to zero weight gain. Conclusions The cell type-specific expression of PC1/3 and its essential requirement for larval growth highlight the important role of this gene within the insect neuroendocrine system. Genomic conservation in most insect groups suggests that it has a comparable individual function in other insects as well, which has been replaced by alternative mechanisms in flies.

The healing power of well-being

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 145-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jobin Mathew ◽  
Cheramadathikudyl Scariya Paulose
Keyword(s):  
Brain Function ◽  
Premature Mortality ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Neuroendocrine System ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Functional Correlation ◽  
Enhanced Resistance ◽  
Healing Power ◽  
Negative Affective States ◽  
Physiological Benefits

Neuroendocrine system plays an important role in modulating our body functions and emotions. At the same time, emotions implicate a pivotal role in the regulation of brain function and neuroendocrine system. Negative affective states such as depression and stress are associated with premature mortality and increase the risk of various fatal diseases. It has been suggested that positive affective states are protective and improve our health and productiveness. Several potential mechanisms have been posited to account for these associations including improved health behaviour, direct physiological benefits, enhanced resistance and recovery from stress among individuals with high versus low positive emotional resources. This review summarises information concerning the neuronal and hormonal systems in mood, impact of negative and positive affective states on the level of cortisol, epinephrine, serotonin, dopamine and endorphins. The functional correlation of neuronal and hormonal systems in the development of diseases and their ability to enhance health-relevant biological processes are also evaluated.

Proglucagon-Derived Peptides in the Neuroendocrine System

1991 ◽  
pp. 143-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. L. Baibaker ◽  
K. M. Stobie ◽  
J. N. Roberge ◽  
E. Y. T. Lui ◽  
D. J. Drucker
Keyword(s):  
Neuroendocrine System

Sexual Behavior in Rats: An Animal Model for the Study of the Neuroendocrine System

2016 ◽  
pp. 237-251
Author(s):  
M. Jennifer Rodriguez ◽  
Tathiana Aparecida Fernandes Alvarenga ◽  
Edith Monroy-López ◽  
Armando Ferreira-Nuño ◽  
Adriana Morales-Otal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Sexual Behavior ◽  
Neuroendocrine System
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