Distribution of Retinal Ganglion Cells Projecting into the Nucleus of the Optic Tract in Rat

2015 ◽  
pp. 95-97
Author(s):  
Tamotu Urushibata ◽  
Isao Kato ◽  
Tomoyuki Okada ◽  
Isamu Takeyama
Keyword(s):  
Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Optic Tract ◽  
Retinal Ganglion

Pathways of regenerated retinotectal axons in goldfish

Development ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
Claudia A. O. Stuermer
Keyword(s):  
Optic Nerve ◽  
Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽  
Normal Development ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Optic Tract ◽  
Spatiotemporal Pattern ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Retinal Axons ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Regenerated Fibres

This study investigates the order of regenerating retinal axons in the goldfish. The spatiotemporal pattern of axon regrowth was assessed by applying horseradish peroxidase (HRP) to regenerating axons in the optic tract at various times after optic nerve section and by analysing the distribution of retrogradely labelled ganglion cells in retina. At all regeneration stages labelled ganglion cells were widely distributed over the retina. There was no hint that axons from central (older) ganglion cells might regrow earlier, and peripheral (younger) ganglion cells later, as occurs in normal development. The absence of an age-related ordering in the regenerated optic nerve was demonstrated by labelling a few axon bundles intraorbitally with HRP (Easter, Rusoff & Kish, 1981) caudal to the previous cut. The retrogradely labelled cells in retina were randomly distributed in regenerates andnot clustered in annuli as in normals. Tracing regenerating axons which were stained anterogradelyfrom intraretinal HRP applications or retrogradely from single labelled tectal fascicles illustrated the fact that the regenerating axons coursed in abnormal routes in the optic nerve and tract. On the surface of the tectum regenerated fibres re-established a fascicle fan. The retinal origin of tectal fascicles was assessed by labelling individual peripheral, intermediate and rostral fascicles with HRP. The retrogradely labelled ganglion cells in the retina were often more widely distributed than in normals, but were mostly found in peripheral, intermediate and central retina, respectively. The order of fibre departure from each tectal fascicle was revealed by placing HRP either on the fascicle's proximal or on its distal half. With proximal labelling sites labelled ganglion cells were found in the temporal and nasal retina, and with distal labelling sites labelled ganglion cells were confined to nasal retina only. Further, the axonal trajectories of anterogradely labelled dorsotemporal retinal ganglion cells were compared to those of dorsonasal retinal ganglion cells in tectal whole mounts. Dorsotemporal axons were confined to the rostral tectal half, whereas dorsonasal axons followed fascicular routes into the fascicles' distal end and reached into caudal tectum. This suggests that the fibres exited along their fascicle's course in a temporonasal sequence. Thus in the tectum, fibres in fascicles restore a gross spatial and age-related order and tend to follow their normal temporonasal sequence of exit.

Abnormally high variability in the uncrossed retinofugal pathway of mice with albino mosaicism

Development ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 101 (4) ◽  
pp. 857-867 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.W. Guillery ◽  
G. Jeffery ◽  
B.M. Cattanach
Keyword(s):  
Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Gene Dosage ◽  
Optic Tract ◽  
High Variability ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Rare Occurrence ◽  
Autosome Translocation ◽  
Open Question ◽  
The Relationship

Female mice showing albino mosaicism due to an X-autosome translocation [Is(In7;X)Ct] have been studied in order to investigate the relationship between the distribution of melanin and the formation, early in development, of the abnormally small uncrossed retinofugal pathway characteristically found in all albino mammals. Earlier evidence indicates that cells normally bearing melanin play a role in producing the abnormality. In the mosaic mice, the albino gene is expressed in only about half of the cells due to random X-inactivation and the patches of normal and albino cells are extremely small relative to total retinal size (less than 1/50). We argued that if all the cells that would normally bear melanin play a role in producing the albino abnormality then the mosaic mice would have a pathway abnormality, about half the size of that in the albino mice. If, however, only a small patch of these cells plays a role, as has been proposed in earlier studies, then one would expect the size of the uncrossed pathway to be highly variable in the mosaic mice. The size of the uncrossed pathway was assessed by placing horseradish peroxidase in the region of the optic tract and lateral geniculate nucleus unilaterally and then counting the number of retrogradely labelled retinal ganglion cells on the same side. The mosaic mice showed a highly variable uncrossed pathway. In some of the mosaic mice, it was the same size as in the albinos and, in others, it was the same size as in normally pigmented mice. Surprisingly, in a small number of mosaic mice, the uncrossed pathway was larger than normal. Whether this relatively rare occurrence of a supernormal uncrossed pathway is due to the higher gene dosage or to the translocation itself remains an open question.

scholarly journals Rat's Nucleus of the Optic Tract and Retinal Ganglion Cells

1991 ◽  
Vol 1991 (Supplement51) ◽  
pp. 10-17
Author(s):  
Isao Kato ◽  
Tomoyuki Okada ◽  
Shoji Watanabe ◽  
Shigeki Sato ◽  
Isamu Takeyama
Keyword(s):  
Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Optic Tract ◽  
Retinal Ganglion

Retinal Ganglion Cells Projecting to the Nucleus of the Optic Tract in the Rat

1991 ◽  
Vol 111 (sup481) ◽  
pp. 227-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomoyuki Okada ◽  
Isao Kato ◽  
Shigeki Sato ◽  
Shoji Watanabe ◽  
Isamu Takeyama
Keyword(s):  
Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Optic Tract ◽  
Retinal Ganglion

scholarly journals Axonal transport of actin in rabbit retinal ganglion cells.

1979 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 581-591 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Willard ◽  
M Wiseman ◽  
J Levine ◽  
P Skene
Keyword(s):  
Optic Nerve ◽  
Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Specific Binding ◽  
Optic Tract ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
The Third ◽  
Transport Velocity ◽  
Peptide Map ◽  
Kinetics Of

We labeled proteins in the cell bodies of rabbit retinal ganglion cells with [35S]methionine and subsequently observed the appearance of radioactive actin in tissues containing the axons and synaptic terminals of these neurons, i.e., the optic nerve (ON), optic tract (OT), lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and the superior colliculus (SC). The temporal sequence of appearance of labeled actin (which was identified by its specific binding to DNase I, its electrophoretic mobility, and its peptide map) in these tissues indicated that actin is an axonally transported protein with a maximum transport velocity of 3.4--4.3 mm/d. The kinetics of labeling actin were similar to the kinetics of labeling two proteins (M1 and M2) which resemble myosin; these myosin-like proteins were previously found to be included in the groups of proteins (groups III and IV) transported with the third and fourth most rapid maximum velocities. The similarity in transport between actin and myosin-like proteins supports the idea that a number of proteins in the third and fourth transport groups may be functionally related by virtue of their involvement in a force-generating mechanism and suggests the possibility that these proteins may be axonally transported as a preformed force-generating unit.

Superior colliculus cell responses to electrical stimulation of the retina

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Molotchnikoff ◽  
P. L'archevêque
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Superior Colliculus ◽  
Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Optic Tract ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Cell Responses ◽  
Prolonged Discharge ◽  
Stimulation Of

Superior colliculus cell discharges in response to electrical stimulation of the retina were investigated in rabbit. In contrast with the responses at the optic tract level both polarities evoked discharges of equal latencies suggesting a convergence of ON- and OFF-centre retinal ganglion cells upon one collicular unit. Three typical patterns of responses could be distinguished. Thus, 40% of cells reacted with a burst, 47% with a prolonged discharge, and 5% responded by a transient inhibition. The responses of the remaining cells could not be classified.

Melanopsin and non-melanopsin expressing retinal ganglion cells innervate the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus

2003 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 601-610 ◽  
Author(s):  
PATRICIA J. SOLLARS ◽  
CYNTHIA A. SMERASKI ◽  
JESSICA D. KAUFMAN ◽  
MALCOLM D. OGILVIE ◽  
IGNACIO PROVENCIO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽  
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus ◽  
Pseudorabies Virus ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Optic Tract ◽  
Retrograde Transport ◽  
Lateral Geniculate Body ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Green Fluorescent

Retinal input to the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) synchronizes the SCN circadian oscillator to the external day/night cycle. Retinal ganglion cells that innervate the SCN via the retinohypothalamic tract are intrinsically light sensitive and express melanopsin. In this study, we provide data indicating that not all SCN-projecting retinal ganglion cells express melanopsin. To determine the proportion of ganglion cells afferent to the SCN that express melanopsin, ganglion cells were labeled following transsynaptic retrograde transport of a recombinant of the Bartha strain of pseudorabies virus (PRV152) constructed to express the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). PRV152 injected into the anterior chamber of the eye retrogradely infects four retinorecipient nuclei in the brain via autonomic circuits to the eye, resulting in transneuronally labeled ganglion cells in the contralateral retina 96 h after intraocular infection. In animals with large bilateral lesions of the lateral geniculate body/optic tract, ganglion cells labeled with PRV152 are retrogradely infected from only the SCN. In these animals, most PRV152-infected ganglion cells were immunoreactive for melanopsin. However, a significant percentage (10–20%) of EGFP-labeled ganglion cells did not express melanopsin. These data suggest that in addition to the intrinsically light-sensitive melanopsin-expressing ganglion cells, conventional ganglion cells also innervate the SCN. Thus, it appears that the rod/cone system of photoreceptors may provide signals to the SCN circadian system independent of intrinsically light-sensitive melanopsin ganglion cells.

scholarly journals Multiple phosphorylated variants of the high molecular mass subunit of neurofilaments in axons of retinal cell neurons: characterization and evidence for their differential association with stationary and moving neurofilaments.

1988 ◽  
Vol 107 (6) ◽  
pp. 2689-2701 ◽  
Author(s):  
S E Lewis ◽  
R A Nixon
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mass ◽  
Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Optic Tract ◽  
Axoplasmic Transport ◽  
Retinal Cell ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Optic Axons ◽  
Single Polypeptide

The 200-kD subunit of neurofilaments (NF-H) functions as a cross-bridge between neurofilaments and the neuronal cytoskeleton. In this study, four phosphorylated NF-H variants were identified as major constituents of axons from a single neuron type, the retinal ganglion cell, and were shown to have characteristics with different functional implications. We resolved four major Coomassie Blue-stained proteins with apparent molecular masses of 197, 200, 205, and 210 kD on high resolution one-dimensional SDS-polyacrylamide gels of mouse optic axons (optic nerve and optic tract). Proteins with the same electrophoretic mobilities were radiolabeled within retinal ganglion cells in vivo after injecting mice intravitreally with [35S]methionine or [3H]proline. Extraction of the radiolabeled protein fraction with 1% Triton X-100 distinguished four insoluble polypeptides (P197, P200, P205, P210) with expected characteristics of NF-H from two soluble neuronal polypeptides (S197, S200) with few properties of neurofilament proteins. The four Triton-insoluble polypeptides displayed greater than 90% structural homology by two-dimensional alpha-chymotryptic iodopeptide map analysis and cross-reacted with four different monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies to NF-H by immunoblot analysis. Each of these four polypeptides advanced along axons primarily in the Group V (SCa) phase of axoplasmic transport. By contrast, the two Triton-soluble polypeptides displayed only a minor degree of alpha-chymotryptic peptide homology with the Triton-insoluble NF-H forms, did not cross-react with NF-H antibodies, and moved primarily in the Group IV (SCb) wave of axoplasmic transport. The four NF-H variants were generated by phosphorylation of a single polypeptide. Each of these polypeptides incorporated 32P when retinal ganglion cells were radiolabeled in vivo with [32P]orthophosphate and each cross-reacted with monoclonal antibodies specifically directed against phosphorylated epitopes on NF-H. When dephosphorylated in vitro with alkaline phosphatase, the four variants disappeared, giving rise to a single polypeptide with the same apparent molecular mass (160 kD) as newly synthesized, unmodified NF-H. The NF-H variants distributed differently along optic axons. P197 predominated at proximal axonal levels; P200 displayed a relatively uniform distribution; and P205 and P210 became increasingly prominent at more distal axonal levels, paralleling the distribution of the stationary neurofilament network.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

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