A Special Cell Biological Relationship between the Fetal Testis and the Gubernaculum Testis during Testicular Descent

2015 ◽  
pp. 199-202
Author(s):  
J. M. Fentener van Vlissingen ◽  
E. J. J. van Zoelen ◽  
P. J. F. Ursem ◽  
A. J. E. P. Verbruggen ◽  
C. J. G. Wensing
Keyword(s):  
Testicular Descent ◽  
Fetal Testis ◽  
Biological Relationship ◽  
Gubernaculum Testis

An insight into testis and gubernaculum dynamics of INSL3 - RXFP2 signalling during testicular descent in the dog

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 751 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Arrighi ◽  
G. Bosi ◽  
D. Groppetti ◽  
M. Aralla ◽  
F. Cremonesi
Keyword(s):  
Sertoli Cells ◽  
Leydig Cells ◽  
Feedback Loop ◽  
Testicular Descent ◽  
Fetal Period ◽  
Male Development ◽  
Dog Testis ◽  
Gubernaculum Testis ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Different Tissues

Insulin-like 3 (INSL3) plays a prominent role in male development and is supposed to induce the growth of the gubernaculum testis (g.t.), thus being directly involved in testicular descent in humans and rodents. This happens through activation of the RXFP2 receptor (GREAT or LGR8). The INSL3–RXFP2 complex is reputed to play an additional paracrine role in the testis, possibly acting as part of an autocrine feedback loop. The present work provides evidence of the immunolocalisation of INSL3 in the Leydig cells of canine fetuses and of the expression of RXFP2 receptor in different tissues of the g.t. of the same specimens. RXFP2 was localised at the cell membrane of g.t. muscle and connective cells, as well as in the epithelial cells of the developing excurrent ducts. Notably, RXFP2 immunoreactivity of the g.t. was limited to fetuses at ~35–45 days of gestation, which is also the fetal period when the endocrine compartment of the dog testis is active endocrinologically, as confirmed by the anti-P450c17 and anti-INSL3 immunoreactivities of the fetal Leydig cells, and by anti-Müllerian hormone immunoreactivity of the Sertoli cells. The same immunoreactivities were also evaluated in the testes of cryptorchid dogs of different ages. RXFP2 immunoreactivity was absent from genital tracts of cryptorchid testes and g.t. remnants.

Clinically Differentiated Abnormalities of the Architecture and Expression of Myosin Isoforms of the Human Cremaster Muscle in Cryptorchidism and Retractile Testis

2020 ◽  
Vol 104 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 891-901
Author(s):  
Francesco Molinaro ◽  
Giulia Fusi ◽  
Margherita Aglianò ◽  
Nila Volpi ◽  
Daniela Franci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Striated Muscle ◽  
Masticatory Muscles ◽  
The Other ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Testicular Descent ◽  
Myosin Isoforms ◽  
Cremaster Muscle ◽  
Muscle Groups ◽  
Retractile Testis ◽  
Gubernaculum Testis

<b><i>Aim:</i></b> To describe architecture and expression of myosin isoforms of the human cremaster muscle (CM) and to individuate changes in clinically differentiated abnormalities of testicular descent: cryptorchidism or undescended testis (UDT) and retractile testis (RT). <b><i>Background:</i></b> The CM is a nonsomitic striated muscle differentiating from mesenchyme of the gubernaculum testis. Morphofunctional and molecular peculiarities linked to its unique embryological origin are not yet completely defined. Its role in abnormalities of testicular descent is being investigated. <b><i>Subjects and Methods:</i></b> Biopsy samples were obtained from corrective surgery in cases of cryptorchidism, retractile testis, inguinal hernia, or hydrocele. Muscle specimens were processed for morphology, histochemistry, and immunohistology. <b><i>Results and Conclusions:</i></b> The CM differs from the skeletal muscles both for morphological and molecular characteristics. The presence of fascicles with different characterization and its myosinic pattern suggested that the CM could be included in the specialized muscle groups, such as the extrinsic ocular muscles (EOMs) and laryngeal and masticatory muscles. The embryological origin from the nonsomitic mesoderm is, also for the CM, the basis of distinct molecular pathways. In UDT, the histological alterations of CM are suggestive of denervation; the genitofemoral nerve and its molecular messengers directed to this muscle are likely defective. Compared with the other samples, RT has a distinct myosinic pattern; therefore, it has been considered a well-defined entity with respect to the other testicular descent abnormalities.

scholarly journals Cryptorchidism in Mice with an Androgen Receptor Ablation in Gubernaculum Testis

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 598-607 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena M. Kaftanovskaya ◽  
Zaohua Huang ◽  
Agustin M. Barbara ◽  
Karel De Gendt ◽  
Guido Verhoeven ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Androgen Receptor ◽  
Birth Defects ◽  
Gene Expression Analysis ◽  
Myogenic Differentiation ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Abnormal Development ◽  
Testicular Descent ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Processus Vaginalis ◽  
Gubernaculum Testis

Abstract Androgens play a critical role in the development of the male reproductive system, including the positioning of the gonads. It is not clear, however, which developmental processes are influenced by androgens and what are the target tissues and cells mediating androgen signaling during testicular descent. Using a Cre-loxP approach, we have produced male mice (GU-ARKO) with conditional inactivation of the androgen receptor (Ar) gene in the gubernacular ligament connecting the epididymis to the caudal abdominal wall. The GU-ARKO males had normal testosterone levels but developed cryptorchidism with the testes located in a suprascrotal position. Although initially subfertile, the GU-ARKO males became sterile with age. We have shown that during development, the mutant gubernaculum failed to undergo eversion, a process giving rise to the processus vaginalis, a peritoneal outpouching inside the scrotum. As a result, the cremasteric sac did not form properly, and the testes remained in the low abdominal position. Abnormal development of the cremaster muscles in the GU-ARKO males suggested the participation of androgens in myogenic differentiation; however, males with conditional AR inactivation in the striated or smooth muscle cells had a normal testicular descent. Gene expression analysis showed that AR deficiency in GU-ARKO males led to the misexpression of genes involved in muscle differentiation, cell signaling, and extracellular space remodeling. We therefore conclude that AR signaling in gubernacular cells is required for gubernaculum eversion and outgrowth. The GU-ARKO mice provide a valuable model of isolated cryptorchidism, one of the most common birth defects in newborn boys.

scholarly journals Paracetamol, Aspirin, and Indomethacin Induce Endocrine Disturbances in the Human Fetal Testis Capable of Interfering With Testicular Descent

2013 ◽  
Vol 98 (11) ◽  
pp. E1757-E1767 ◽  
Author(s):  
Séverine Mazaud-Guittot ◽  
Christophe Nicolas Nicolaz ◽  
Christèle Desdoits-Lethimonier ◽  
Isabelle Coiffec ◽  
Millissia Ben Maamar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Testicular Descent ◽  
Fetal Testis ◽  
Endocrine Disturbances

Exogenous androgens reduce the expression of INSL3, a hormone involved in normal testicular descent, in fetal Leydig cells

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
W Colin Duncan ◽  
Fiona Connolly ◽  
Lyndsey Boswell ◽  
Graeme Burt ◽  
Alan S McNeilly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leydig Cells ◽  
Testicular Descent ◽  
Fetal Leydig Cells

Judgments of moral responsibility in tissue donation cases

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
James R. Beebe
Keyword(s):  
Moral Responsibility ◽  
Tissue Donation ◽  
Potential Donor ◽  
Sperm Donor ◽  
Biological Relationship ◽  
Related Individuals ◽  
Unique Ability

If a person requires an organ or tissue donation to survive, many philosophers argue that whatever moral responsibility a biological relative may have to donate to the person in need will be grounded at least partially, if not entirely, in biological relations the potential donor bears to the recipient. We contend that such views ignore the role that a potential donor’s unique ability to help the person in need plays in underwriting such judgments. If, for example, a sperm donor is judged to have a significant moral responsibility to donate tissue to a child conceived with his sperm, we think this will not be due to the fact that the donor stands in a close biological relationship to the recipient. Rather, we think such judgments will largely be grounded in the presumed unique ability of the sperm donor to help the child due to the compatibility of his tissues and organs with those of the recipient. In this paper, we report the results of two studies designed to investigate the comparative roles that biological relatedness and unique ability play in generating judgments of moral responsibility in tissue donation cases. We found that biologically related individuals are deemed to have a significant moral responsibility to donate tissue only when they are one of a small number of people who have the capacity to help.

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