8 Growth and Pattern Regulation in Insects

2015 ◽  
pp. 172-189
Author(s):  
Paul N. Adler
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Regulation

scholarly journals Involvement of Huntingtin in Development and Ciliary Beating Regulation of Larvae of the Sea Urchin, Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
pp. 5116
Author(s):  
Hideki Katow ◽  
Tomoko Katow ◽  
Hiromi Yoshida ◽  
Masato Kiyomoto
Keyword(s):  
Sea Urchin ◽  
The Body ◽  
Brdu Incorporation ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Blastula Stage ◽  
Ciliary Beating ◽  
Marker Proteins ◽  
Disease Protein ◽  
Pattern Regulation ◽  
Hemicentrotus Pulcherrimus

The multiple functions of the wild type Huntington’s disease protein of the sea urchin Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus (Hp-Htt) have been examined using the anti-Hp-Htt antibody (Ab) raised against synthetic oligopeptides. According to immunoblotting, Hp-Htt was detected as a single band at around the 350 kDa region at the swimming blastula stage to the prism larva stage. From the 2-arm pluteus stage (2aPL), however, an additional smaller band at the 165 kDa region appeared. Immunohistochemically, Hp-Htt was detected in the nuclei and the nearby cytoplasm of the ectodermal cells from the swimming blastula stage, and the blastocoelar cells from the mid-gastrula stage. The Ab-positive signal was converged to the ciliary band-associated strand (CBAS). There, it was accompanied by several CBAS-marker proteins in the cytoplasm, such as glutamate decarboxylase. Application of Hp-Htt morpholino (Hp-Htt-MO) has resulted in shortened larval arms, accompanied by decreased 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridin (BrdU) incorporation by the ectodermal cells of the larval arms. Hp-Htt-MO also resulted in lowered ciliary beating activity, accompanied by a disordered swirling pattern formation around the body. These Hp-Htt-MO-induced deficiencies took place after the onset of CBAS system formation at the larval arms. Thus, Hp-Htt is involved in cell proliferation and the ciliary beating pattern regulation signaling system in pluteus larvae.

Immediate diaphragmatic electromyogram responses to imperceptible mechanical loads in conscious humans

1992 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 248-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. Kobylarz ◽  
J. A. Daubenspeck
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Activity ◽  
Lung Volume ◽  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Tonic Activity ◽  
Phasic Activity ◽  
Mechanical Loads ◽  
Oral Airway ◽  
Pattern Regulation ◽  
Adaptive Pattern

We used an esophageal electrode to measure the amplitude and neural inspiratory and expiratory (N TE) timing responses of crural diaphragmatic electrical activity in response to flow-resistive (R) and elastic (E) loads at or below the threshold for conscious detection, applied pseudorandomly to the oral airway of eight normal subjects. We observed a rapid first-breath neural reflex that modified respiratory timing such that N TE lengthened significantly in response to R loads in six of eight subjects and shortened in response to E loading in six of seven subjects. The prolongation of N TE with R loading resulted primarily from lengthening the portion of N TE during which phasic activity in the diaphragm is absent (TE NDIA), whereas E loading shortened N TE mainly by reducing TE NDIA. Most subjects responded to both types of loading by decreasing mean tonic diaphragmatic activity, the average level of muscle activity that exists when no phasic changes are occurring, as well as its variability. The observed timing responses are consistent in direction with optimally adaptive pattern regulation, whereas the modulation of tonic activity may be useful in neural regulation of end-expiratory lung volume.

Cell movement during pattern regulation in Oncopeltus

Nature ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 248 (5449) ◽  
pp. 609-610 ◽  
Author(s):  
PETER A. LAWRENCE
Keyword(s):  
Cell Movement ◽  
Pattern Regulation

Comparison of the effects of vitamin A on limb development and regeneration in Xenopus laevis tadpoles

Development ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-53
Author(s):  
S. R. Scadding ◽  
M. Maden
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Xenopus Laevis ◽  
Limb Development ◽  
Complete Inhibition ◽  
Complete Suppression ◽  
Dual Action ◽  
Pattern Regulation

The purpose of these experiments was to compare the effects of vitamin A on developing and regenerating limbs in Xenopus laevis tadpoles. Each tadpole had one hindlimb amputated to induce regeneration while the contralateral developing limb was left intact. Tadpoles at stages 50 through 54 were treated by immersion in retinol palmitate at doses ranging from 0·3 to 75 i.u.ml−1, for periods ranging from 1 to 14 days. Developing limbs usually became hypomorphic as a result of the treatment, with results varying with stage and treatment from slight phalange derangements to total disruption of pattern, or complete inhibition of limb development. Regenerating limbs gave a variety of responses including hypomorphic regeneration, proximodistal or anteroposterior duplication of skeletal elements, or complete suppression of regeneration. The response to retinol palmitate of developing limbs was clearly different from regenerating limbs. Hypotheses which might explain the results were discussed and a hypothesis which, proposed a dual action of vitamin A affecting both the cell cycle and the mechanism of pattern regulation was proposed.

Morphogenesis of the amphibian limb blastema: The relationship between pattern and form

Development ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-181
Author(s):  
Nigel Holder ◽  
Susan Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Formation ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Short Range ◽  
Range Cell ◽  
Limb Pattern ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Pattern Regulation ◽  
Thigh Region ◽  
Short Arc ◽  
Number Of Cells

A relationship between pattern formation and field shape is established following the formation of rounded blastemas on lower arm limb stumps after treatment with vitamin A. Pattern formation is not affected by alteration in blastemal shape caused by removal of the dermis from the thigh region of the leg. We conclude, therefore, that blastemal shape does not play a causal role in establishing limb pattern. Data relating the number of cells present between the cardinal axial poles of blastemas and the size of blastemas is discussed in terms of short arc intercalation and short range cell—cell interactions during pattern regulation.

Positional information and pattern regulation in Hydra. Dynamics of regions at the boundary

Development ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 499-510
Author(s):  
J. Hicklin ◽  
A. Hornbruch ◽  
L. Wolpert
Keyword(s):  
Positional Information ◽  
Boundary Region ◽  
The Times ◽  
Pattern Regulation ◽  
Cut Surface

The dynamics of boundary regions have been investigated mainly by axial grafting and with the emphasis on the head end. The time to lesist inhibition of head-end formation and the ability to inhibit head-end formation have been assayed under a variety of conditions. The times increase with distance from the head end. The times required by a boundary region to acquire the inhibitory properties of a head end are longer than those required to acquire resistance to inhibition. Determination of a head end is faster at a cut surface and at higher temperatures. The results are discussed in terms of a model involving two gradients. Some anomalous results are reported.

Positional information and pattern regulation in hydra: enzyme profiles

Development ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 853-867
Author(s):  
Najma Zaheer Baquer ◽  
Patricia McLean ◽  
Amata Hornbruch ◽  
L. Wolpert
Keyword(s):  
Pentose Phosphate Pathway ◽  
Citrate Synthase ◽  
Positional Information ◽  
Pentose Phosphate ◽  
Basal Region ◽  
Redox Systems ◽  
Metabolic Pattern ◽  
Alternative Pathways ◽  
Redox States ◽  
Pattern Regulation

Certain key enzymes of alternative pathways of glucose metabolism, of amino acid metabolism and of redox systems have been measured in hydra and this profile compared with mammalian differentiated tissues with a view to locating pathways of specific importance in hydra. There was a marked constant proportionality in the major part of the enzymes investigated, the profile suggested a metabolic pattern geared to utilization of amino acids as a carbon source for biosynthesis and energy production and to the production and conservation of pyruvate. The importance of conversion to ionized forms was noted. The most notable specific proportion changes were the exceptionally low lactate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme and the relatively high citrate synthase. The proximal-distal gradients in hydra were examined and these gradients suggested a switch to a more anaerobic type of metabolism and an elevation of the pentose phosphate pathway as the basal region was approached. Measurements of the formation of 14CO2 from specifically labelled glucose provided additional evidence for the functional activity and polarity of the pentose phosphate pathway in hydra. The effect of oligomycin, which can reverse polarity in hydra, had a significant effect on gradients of enzymes eliminating all except that observed for G6P dehydrogenase. The profile suggested a movement towards a more anaerobic type of metabolism, in keeping with the known biochemical action of this inhibitor. It is suggested that redox states and/or phosphorylation states may be featured in the positional information of cells in hydra.

Hedgehog is required for activation of engrailed during regeneration of fragmented Drosophila imaginal discs

Development ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 126 (8) ◽  
pp. 1591-1599 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.C. Gibson ◽  
G. Schubiger
Keyword(s):  
Normal Growth ◽  
Imaginal Discs ◽  
Ideal Model ◽  
Posterior Compartment ◽  
Anterior Compartment ◽  
In Vivo Culture ◽  
Pattern Regulation ◽  
Regulative Capacity ◽  
Anterior Posterior

Surgically fragmented Drosophila appendage primordia (imaginal discs) engage in wound healing and pattern regulation during short periods of in vivo culture. Prothoracic leg disc fragments possess exceptional regulative capacity, highlighted by the ability of anterior cells to convert to posterior identity and establish a novel posterior compartment. This anterior/posterior conversion violates developmental lineage restrictions essential for normal growth and patterning of the disc, and thus provides an ideal model for understanding how cells change fate during epimorphic pattern regulation. Here we present evidence that the secreted signal encoded by hedgehog directs anterior/posterior conversion by activating the posterior-specific transcription factor engrailed in regulating anterior cells. In the absence of hedgehog activity, prothoracic leg disc fragments fail to undergo anterior/posterior conversion, but can still regenerate missing anterior pattern elements. We suggest that hedgehog-independent regeneration within the anterior compartment (termed integration) is mediated by the positional cues encoded by wingless and decapentaplegic. Taken together, our results provide a novel mechanistic interpretation of imaginal disc pattern regulation and permit speculation that similar mechanisms could govern appendage regeneration in other organisms.

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