The Viral Hypothesis of Schizophrenia: Some Experimental Approaches1

Two syndromes in Schizophrenia and the Viral Hypothesis

Progress in Brain Research ◽

10.1016/s0079-6123(08)60638-x ◽

1986 ◽

pp. 17-27 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

T.J. Crow ◽

G.R. Taylor ◽

D.A.J. Tyrrell

Keyword(s):

Viral Hypothesis

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The Viral Hypothesis in Alzheimer’s Disease: Novel Insights and Pathogen-Based Biomarkers

Journal of Personalized Medicine ◽

10.3390/jpm10030074 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 74 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Sean X Naughton ◽

Urdhva Raval ◽

Giulio M. Pasinetti

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Alzheimer’S Disease ◽

Alzheimer's Disease ◽

Innate Immune System ◽

Antimicrobial Properties ◽

Significant Risk ◽

Amyloid Β ◽

Innate Immune ◽

Microbial Pathogens ◽

Viral Hypothesis

Early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and the identification of significant risk factors are necessary to better understand disease progression, and to develop intervention-based therapies prior to significant neurodegeneration. There is thus a critical need to establish biomarkers which can predict the risk of developing AD before the onset of cognitive decline. A number of studies have indicated that exposure to various microbial pathogens can accelerate AD pathology. Additionally, several studies have indicated that amyloid-β possess antimicrobial properties and may act in response to infection as a part of the innate immune system. These findings have led some to speculate that certain types of infections may play a significant role in AD pathogenesis. In this review, we will provide an overview of studies which suggest pathogen involvement in AD. Additionally, we will discuss a number of pathogen-associated biomarkers which may be effective in establishing AD risk. Infections that increase the risk of AD represent a modifiable risk factor which can be treated with therapeutic intervention. Pathogen-based biomarkers may thus be a valuable tool for evaluating and decreasing AD risk across the population.

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Rotavirus Infects Human Biliary Epithelial Cells and Stimulates Secretion of Cytokines IL-6 and IL-8 via MAPK Pathway

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2015/697238 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Maria Grazia Clemente ◽

John T. Patton ◽

Robert A. Anders ◽

Robert H. Yolken ◽

Kathleen B. Schwarz

Keyword(s):

Animal Models ◽

Mapk Pathway ◽

Epidemiologic Studies ◽

Model System ◽

Time Dependent ◽

Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽

Unknown Etiology ◽

Mitogen Activated Protein ◽

Infected Cells ◽

Viral Hypothesis

Biliary atresia (BA) is an infantile inflammatory cholangiopathy of unknown etiology although epidemiologic studies and animal models utilizing rotavirus (RV) have suggested a role for viral infection. Proinflammatory and profibrotic cytokines have been detected in infants with BA. The purpose of our study was to investigate the susceptibility of human cholangiocytes (H69 cells) to infection with RRV and to determine if this infection resulted in cytokine secretion. Infection of H69 cells by RRV was noncytolytic and resulted in a time-dependent increase in the release of both infectious virions and cytokines IL-6 and IL-8 into the supernate. The greatest difference in cytokine supernatant levels between infected and mock-infected cells was noted at 24 hours postinfection (h p.i.) for IL-8, 556 ± 111 versus 77 ± 68 pg/mL (p<0.0001), and at 48 h p.i. for IL-6, 459 ± 64 versus 67 ± 2 pg/mL (p<0.0001). Production of both cytokines following RRV infection was significantly reduced by pretreating the H69 cells with inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK).Conclusion. RRV can infect human cholangiocytes resulting in the production of proinflammatory and profibrotic cytokines via the MAPK pathway. RRV-infected H69 cells could be a useful model system for investigating the viral hypothesis of BA.

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