Multiple Sclerosis in the Mariana Islands over the past 30 Years

2015 ◽  
pp. 159-163
Author(s):  
Kwang-Ming Chen
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Mariana Islands ◽  
The Past

Treatment options in Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulus Rommer ◽  
Uwe K Zettl
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Neuromyelitis Optica ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders ◽  
The Past ◽  
Drug Classes ◽  
Spectrum Disorders

: There are few diseases with as many therapeutic advances in recent years as in multiple sclerosis. Nine different drug classes with more than a dozen approved therapies are now available. Similarly, there have been unimaginable advances in understanding neuromyelitis optica (now neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder [NMOSD]) over the past 15 years. Building on the knowledge gained, the first therapies have been approved in recent years. In this review, we aim to present all therapies approved for the treatment of MS or NMOSD. The different forms of application, different approval criteria and most important side effects will be presented. This work is intended for physicians who are interested in MS and NMOSD therapies and want to get a first overview and does not replace the respective guidelines of the regulatory authorities.

Multiple Sclerosis and Cognitive Impairment

2021 ◽  
pp. 39-41
Author(s):  
Cristina Valencia-Sanchez ◽  
Jonathan L. Carter
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Rehabilitation Program ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
The Past ◽  
Demyelinating Lesions

A 60-year-old woman with a history of multiple sclerosis was evaluated for cognitive concerns. At age 30 years she had an episode of optic neuritis, followed by an episode of bilateral lower extremity numbness at age 35 years. In the following years, she had at least 6 further multiple sclerosis relapses, the last one approximately 3 years before the current presentation. She was initially treated with interferon, but she did not tolerate it. She had been taking glatiramer acetate for the past 3 years. She had noticed progressive deterioration of her gait for the past 3 years, having to use a cane on occasions. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain showed multiple demyelinating lesions), and magnetic resonance imaging of the cervical spine showed 1 small demyelinating lesion at C6. Vitamin B12 level and thyroid function were normal. Comprehensive neuropsychological testing showed multidomain cognitive impairment, mainly impairment of speed of information processing, spatial discrimination skills, and attention/concentration. The patient’s multiple sclerosis phenotype was consistent with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Her cognitive impairment profile, mainly affecting information processing speed and disinhibition suggestive of frontal dysfunction, was consistent with multiple sclerosis. The patient began a cognitive rehabilitation program, and learning and memory aids were recommended. Lifestyle changes were also recommended, including weight loss and physical exercise. She was given recommendations for sleep hygiene and began taking gabapentin for neuropathic pain and restless legs. Cognitive impairment is common in patients with multiple sclerosis. Slowed cognitive processing speed and episodic memory decline are the most common cognitive deficits in MS, with additional difficulties in executive function, verbal fluency, and visuospatial analysis.

Increasing incidence of multiple sclerosis in women in Northern Finland

2010 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
O Krökki ◽  
R Bloigu ◽  
M Reunanen ◽  
AM Remes
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
The Past ◽  
Mcdonald Criteria ◽  
Epidemiological Features ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
The Mean

Background: The geographical distribution of multiple sclerosis (MS) means that prevalence rates increase with latitude north or south of the equator. Temporally, a tendency for increased incidences of MS has been observed over the past two decades. Objectives: Since epidemiological studies of MS in areas close to the Arctic Circle are rare, we evaluated the incidence and prevalence of MS in Northern Ostrobothnia by means of a retrospective cohort study covering the period 1992–2007. Methods: Patients with a definite clinical diagnosis of MS based on the Poser criteria and the early McDonald criteria of 2001 were identified in the region of Northern Ostrobothnia (population 386,972) and the incidence was calculated at 1-year time intervals, both overall and by gender. Results: The overall prevalence was 103/100,000 (95% CI, 93–113), with a female/male ratio of 2.17. The mean overall incidence was 6.3/100,000 (95% CI, 5.2–7.2). The incidence shows a tendency to increase over the 16-year period due to a pronounced rise in the female incidence. Conclusions: Our results show a high prevalence of MS in Northern Ostrobothnia and a disproportional increase in the female MS incidence. These recent epidemiological features may be associated with environmental risk factors such as a vitamin D deficit, low life-long UV radiation and the high-latitude geographical location.

Staphylococcus aureus harbouring Enterotoxin A as a possible risk factor for multiple sclerosis exacerbations

2011 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 397-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael R Mulvey ◽  
Malcolm Doupe ◽  
Michael Prout ◽  
Christine Leong ◽  
Romeo Hizon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Basic Protein ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Stable Group ◽  
The Past ◽  
Study Recruitment ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
Nasal Swabs ◽  
Pcr Techniques

Background: Staphylococcus aureus may produce superantigens that can non-specifically activate CD4+ cells to potentially target the myelin basic protein. Objective: This study examined the association between individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) and colonization with S. aureus harbouring superantigens. Methods: Nasal swabs were collected from non-MS subjects and patients with MS who had not experienced a relapse in the past six months (MS stable group) and who had suffered a relapse within 30 days of study recruitment (MS exacerbation group). S. aureus was isolated from the anterior nares of participants following standard procedures and staphylococcal superantigen genes ( sea, seb, and tsst-1) were detected using standard laboratory PCR techniques. Results: The study enrolled 204 patients, 80 in the non-MS and MS stable groups and 44 patients in the MS exacerbation group. Overall, 27.0% of patients were colonized with S. aureus with no significant differences identified between study groups. Amongst individuals colonized with S. aureus, the prevalence of sea was significantly greater in the MS exacerbation versus non-MS study group ( p < 0.05; odds ratio 7.9; 95% confidence interval 1.2–49.5). Conclusions: The ability to rapidly screen patients for the presence of S. aureus producing sea may serve as a useful marker of a potential MS exacerbation.

Multiple Sclerosis Management – A Changing Landscape 2013

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 105
Author(s):  
Per Soelberg Sørensen ◽  
Massimo Filippi ◽  
Wolfgang Brück ◽  
◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
First Line ◽  
Educational Meeting ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Impact

The aims of this educational meeting, held in Vienna, Austria, were to explore the significant advances that have occurred in multiple sclerosis (MS) management over the past two decades, to highlight modern-day perspectives and challenges and to consider the impact of the new oral first-line treatments expected to enter the MS market shortly. The meeting was attended by 372 delegates with neurological interests from 30 countries and was opened by Per Soelberg Sørensen (Copenhagen, Denmark).

Enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in multiple sclerosis

2000 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 320-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Filippi
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Tissue Loss ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
The Past ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship

Gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is very sensitive in the detection of active lesions of multiple sclerosis (MS) and has become a valuable tool to monitor the evolution of the disease either natural or modified by treatment. In the past few years, several studies, on the one hand, have assessed several ways to increase the sensitivity of enhanced MRI to disease activity and, on the other, have investigated in vivo the nature and evolution of enhancing lesions using different non-conventional MR techniques to better define the relationship between enhancement and tissue loss in MS. The present review is a summary of these studies whose results are discussed in the context of MS clinical trial planning and monitoring.

The past, present and future of imaging in multiple sclerosis

2010 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 422-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Ramli ◽  
K. Rahmat ◽  
K. Azmi ◽  
H.T. Chong
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
The Past

Immunotherapy of multiple sclerosis

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (S2) ◽  
pp. 27-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sven G. Meuth ◽  
Stefan Bittner ◽  
Heinz Wiendl
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
The Past ◽  
Phase Iii Clinical Trials ◽  
New Treatment ◽  
System Disorder ◽  
Immunomodulatory Therapies ◽  
Ms Therapy

Abstract:Multiple sclerosis (MS) is regarded as a prototypic inflammatory autoimmune central nervous system disorder causing neurological disability in young adults. Recommended basic immunomodulatory therapies of MS are currently interferon beta and glatiramer acetate. Both have proven to be clinically and paraclinically effective and clinical evidence suggests that treatment should be initiated as early as possible.However, despite the fact that therapeutic options for MS have significantly been widened over the past decade there is still tremendous activity in the search for new treatment options for MS.One important development in the field is reflected by the substantial number of promising results for oral therapies. Various phase III clinical trials are currently being initiated or are already underway evaluating the efficacy of a variety of orally administered agents, including cladribine, teriflunomide, laquinimod, fingolimod and fumaric acid. It is hoped that these oral therapies for MS further broaden our armament for MS therapy.

scholarly journals Brief Course of Ultra-High Dose IV Methylprednisolone in the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis Exacerbations

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Robert Knobler ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Side Effect Profile ◽  
Intravenous Methylprednisolone ◽  
The Past ◽  
Disease Modifying Therapies ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Disease Modifying

Despite the introduction of a number of effective disease modifying therapies (DMT) for multiple sclerosis (MS) over the past 25 years, a need remains for an effective method of treating breakthrough relapses, which impact disease progression. ACTH and corticosteroids have fulfilled this role for the past 50 years. However, based upon our current understanding of the cadence of an exacerbation, and its importance in the progression of MS, an alternative is proposed. This utilizes a very brief course of an ultra-high dose of intravenous methylprednisolone, adapted from the megadose protocol of methylprednisolone in acute spinal cord injury. Despite the known side effect profile of corticosteroids, and the ultra-high dose employed, the brevity in administration yields a well-tolerated, rapid resolution of the relapse

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