Structural Relationships and Biosynthesis of Corticotropin, Lipotropin and Melanotropin

2015 ◽  
pp. 11-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip J. Lowry ◽  
Alexander P. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Structural Relationships

Neurofilaments and Paired Helical Filaments

1985 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 740-743
Author(s):  
J. Metuzals
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Posttranslational Modifications ◽  
Posttranslational Modification ◽  
Giant Axon ◽  
Paired Helical Filaments ◽  
Squid Giant Axon ◽  
In Vitro Experiments ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Structural Relationships

It has been demonstrated that the neurofibrillary tangles in biopsies of Alzheimer patients, composed of typical paired helical filaments (PHF), consist also of typical neurofilaments (NF) and 15nm wide filaments. Close structural relationships, and even continuity between NF and PHF, have been observed. In this paper, such relationships are investigated from the standpoint that the PHF are formed through posttranslational modifications of NF. To investigate the validity of the posttranslational modification hypothesis of PHF formation, we have identified in thin sections from frontal lobe biopsies of Alzheimer patients all existing conformations of NF and PHF and ordered these conformations in a hypothetical sequence. However, only experiments with animal model preparations will prove or disprove the validity of the interpretations of static structural observations made on patients. For this purpose, the results of in vitro experiments with the squid giant axon preparations are compared with those obtained from human patients. This approach is essential in discovering etiological factors of Alzheimer's disease and its early diagnosis.

Structural relationships in the synthesis of cubic boron nitride thin films by ion-assisted deposition

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 638-639
Author(s):  
D. L. Medlin ◽  
T. A. Friedmann ◽  
P. B. Mirkarimi ◽  
M. J. Mills ◽  
K. F. McCarty
Keyword(s):  
Boron Nitride ◽  
Ion Irradiation ◽  
Cubic Boron Nitride ◽  
Film Stress ◽  
Bonded Phases ◽  
Structural Relationships ◽  
Precursor Material ◽  
Pressure Synthesis ◽  
Microstructure Of The Material

The allotropes of boron nitride include two sp2-bonded phases with hexagonal and rhombohedral structures (hBN and rBN) and two sp3-bonded phases with cubic (zincblende) and hexagonal (wurtzitic) structures (cBN and wBN) (Fig. 1). Although cBN is synthesized in bulk form by conversion of hBN at high temperatures and pressures, low-pressure synthesis of cBN as a thin film is more difficult and succeeds only when the growing film is simultaneously irradiated with a high flux of ions. Only sp2-bonded material, which generally has a disordered, turbostratic microstructure (tBN), will form in the absence of ion-irradiation. The mechanistic role of the irradiation is not well understood, but recent work suggests that ion-induced compressive film stress may induce the transformation to cBN.Typically, BN films are deposited at temperatures less than 1000°C, a regime for which the structure of the sp2-bonded precursor material dictates the phase and microstructure of the material that forms from conventional (bulk) high pressure treatment.

Facet Theory

1998 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Guttman ◽  
Charles W. Greenbaum
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Animal Behavior ◽  
Infant Development ◽  
Facet Theory ◽  
Structural Relationships ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Spatial Configurations ◽  
Multidimensional Methods ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Scalogram Analysis

This article gives an overview of Facet Theory, a systematic approach to facilitating theory construction, research design, and data analysis for complex studies, that is particularly appropriate to the behavioral and social sciences. Facet Theory is based on (1) a definitional framework for a universe of observations in the area of study; (2) empirical structures of observations within this framework; (3) a search for correspondence between the definitional system and aspects of the empirical structure for the observations. The development of Facet Theory and Facet Design is reviewed from early scale analysis and the Guttman Scale, leading to the concepts of “mapping sentence,” “universe of content,” “common range,” “content facets,” and nonmetric multidimensional methods of data analysis. In Facet Theory, the definition of the behavioral domain provides a rationale for hypothesizing structural relationships among variables employed in a study. Examples are presented from various areas of research (intelligence, infant development, animal behavior, etc.) to illustrate the methods and results of structural analysis with Smallest Space Analysis (SSA), Multidimensional Scalogram Analysis (MSA), and Partial Order Scalogram Analysis (POSA). The “radex” and “cylindrex” of intelligence tests are shown to be outstanding examples of predicted spatial configurations that have demonstrated the ubiquitous emergence of the same empirical structures in different studies. Further examples are given from studies of spatial abilities, infant development, animal behavior, and others. The use of Facet Theory, with careful construction of theory and design, is shown to provide new insights into existing data; it allows for the diagnosis and discrimination of behavioral traits and makes the generalizability and replication of findings possible, which in turn makes possible the discovery of lawfulness. Achievements, issues, and future challenges of Facet Theory are discussed.

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