Role of Carbohydrates in the Diet of Industrialised Countries

2015 ◽  
pp. 124-130
Author(s):  
D. A. T. Southgate
Keyword(s):  
Industrialised Countries

Migration, Poverty, the Role of State, (International) Law and Development in the Industrialised Countries of Europe

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian-Vincent Ikejiaku
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
International Law ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The State ◽  
Border Security ◽  
Law And Development ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Industrialised Countries

Abstract The current radical strategies by which there is, on one hand, an increasing European assistance to developing poor countries of Africa/Middle East and on the other hand, tightened border-security within Europe as a means to reduce migration from the South; may worsen the state of poverty in Europe, particularly on the immigrants and impact on the workforce in Europe with implication on development. Though, these strategies may sound radically appealing, they are however, unlikely to reduce migration flows to Europe. While there is still a “wide development gap” between the poor countries of Africa/Middle East and industrialised countries of Europe, migration will often increase, at least in the next two-three decades. Radical border security in Europe will expose the migrants to human trafficking in different form and manifestation contrary to Article 3 UN Protocol on Trafficking in Person. The paper examines the role of the State and Law and development, in addressing the issues of poverty and migration within the industrialised countries of Europe. The research argues that there is the likelihood that poverty and human right issues will increase in Europe in the near-future, if the State/EU fails to play their role, by changing their policy direction and repositioning themselves by improving their Law and development stance. The research employs the human rights-based approach, interdisciplinary and critical-analytical perspective within the framework of international Law and development. It employs qualitative empirical evidence from developed countries of Europe and poor developing countries for analysis.

scholarly journals Harsh Punishment or Alternatives: Which is the Better Crime-prevention?

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 91
Author(s):  
Helmut Kury
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
State Level ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Eastern Bloc ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Traditional Societies ◽  
Court Proceedings ◽  
Industrialised Countries ◽  
Positive Effect

The classical reaction to crime is punishment, then, if it does not have the effect we are looking for, still harsher sanctions. For the most part, state powers concentrate on the offender and his or her punishment, while the victim is ‘used’ as a witness in court proceedings. Empirical criminological research in recent decades has shown more and more that ‘just punish’ is not the best solution to reduce crime. Old traditional societies, such as various Native American groups in North America, had more peacekeeping-oriented approaches to crime, dealing with both the offender and the victim. The name we use for these today is ‘mediation’ or ‘restorative justice’. In the last few decades, these measures for handling crime and conflicts have been rediscovered, and they are used more and more in Western countries, with positive effects. For example, Germany’s criminal code and, especially, the country’s juvenile penal code suggest more ways in which victim–offender mediation and restitution can be used; however, legal practice shows reluctance to use the newly specified procedures. Elsewhere in Europe at state level, these techniques are used more in Western industrialised countries, less in former Eastern-bloc states. Differences can be seen also in the role of the mediator in practice: it is seen differently in some respects. Research results show clearly that mediation has a more positive effect on offenders and also victims than the ‘classical’ court procedure does, and thereby it helps more to re-establish peace in society. 

The Role of Transnational Companies in the Brazilian Defence Tripod

1991 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 573-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raul De Gouvea Neto
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Development ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Political Support ◽  
Brazilian Government ◽  
Defence Industry ◽  
Short Time Span ◽  
Transnational Companies ◽  
Industrialised Countries ◽  
Short Time

Within a short time span Brazil became one of the world's largest producers of defence hardware. In 1987, Brazil was the fifth largest exporter of arms worldwide and the second largest arms producer among the newly industrialised countries (NICs). This article argues that the roots of this rapid development of the Brazilian Defence Industry (BDI) lie in the vital role of multinational companies (MNCs) and in the harmonious tripod orchestrated by the Brazilian government. The State, through its interaction with the Brazilian private sector and with subsidiaries of MNCs, brought together the political support, a supply of funds, the manufacturing capability and technology that are vital in any attempt to establish an indigenous defence industry. Above all, the Brazilian government achieved the balanced coordination of these variables essential for maintaining the dynamics of the industry.

scholarly journals Afrika und die neuen asiatischen Wirtschaftsmächte

2010 ◽  
Vol 40 (161) ◽  
pp. 585-603
Author(s):  
Jörg Goldberg
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Economies ◽  
Development Cooperation ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Civil Society Organisations ◽  
International Importance ◽  
Global Affairs ◽  
Industrialised Countries ◽  
Regional Diversification

The increasing role of the emerging economies of Asia, particularly of China, has changed the economic and political environment of Africa. Data on trade, foreign investments and development cooperation indicate that Africa’s dependence on industrialised countries is decreasing. African countries prefer partnerships with China and India because these do not come with policy conditions imposing the cures of the Washington Consensus. At the same time, South-South Cooperation is a mechanism for increasing Africa’s bargaining power in global affairs. However, the current pattern of economic relations with Asia replicates the capitalist character of Africa’s trade with Europe, in which Africa exports commodities and imports manufactures. The regional diversification of economic relations and the increasing international importance of Asia open more policy space for African governments. But it depends on the capacity of African governments and civil society organisations to transfer these opportunities into development progress.

RFID adoption and the role of organisational size

2010 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 972-990 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens Strüker ◽  
Daniel Gille
Keyword(s):  
Radio Frequency Identification ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Frequency Identification ◽  
Wait And See ◽  
Productivity Potential ◽  
Industrialised Countries ◽  
Inertia Theory

PurposeThere is no doubt about the economic importance of small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) in industrialised countries. The amount of research on organisational size as a factor of radio frequency identification (RFID) adoption, however, is as yet, minimal. This paper aims to fill that gap by first determining firm‐size specific characteristics of RFID and then using organisational inertia theory to derive the hypothesis that the size and structure of SMEs can be advantageous for the adoption of RFID.Design/methodology/approachThis paper is based on organisational inertia theory and survey data.FindingsA survey conducted among German enterprises already deploying RFID is used to test our hypothesis. It confirms that smaller enterprise size can make RFID adoption and exploitation of the productivity potential easier. Accordingly, it recommends that SMEs avoid adopting a wait‐and‐see position or restricting themselves to easy‐to‐conduct RFID automation applications.Originality/valueThe study provides a starting point for future research and facilitates knowledge accumulation and creation concerning the role of organisational size for RFID adoption.

The Voluntary Sector in a Social Democratic Welfare State–The Case of Sweden

2003 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
TOMMY LUNDSTRÖM ◽  
LARS SVEDBERG
Keyword(s):  
Social Welfare ◽  
Comparative Research ◽  
Voluntary Sector ◽  
International Perspective ◽  
Voluntary Organizations ◽  
Research Projects ◽  
Ideal Types ◽  
Social Democratic ◽  
Industrialised Countries

The purpose of the paper is to capture a few vital features of the Swedish voluntary sector and to place them in an international perspective. The size and composition of the Swedish voluntary sector are discussed against the background of dominating theories in voluntary sector research. Special attention is also given to the role of the sector in the field of social welfare.The authors present results from comparative research projects on the voluntary sector carried out in the latter part of the 1990s. It is shown that the size of the Swedish sector is as large as in other industrialised countries, although the composition and the form of the sector differs when compared to many other countries.In weighing the importance of the sector, the authors point out that voluntary organizations make a crucial contribution in certain areas and combining work for interest and values with contributions for members and others. The characteristics of voluntary organizations and new trends within the field of social welfare are presented with the help of three ideal types.Finally, the authors discuss some conceivable scenarios for the future of the Swedish voluntary sector.

Maximising Opportunities for Collaboration Between Universities and Small to Medium Size Enterprises

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin R. Burvill ◽  
William P. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Collaborative Relationships ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Commonwealth Government ◽  
The Government ◽  
Industrialised Countries ◽  
Role Of The Government ◽  
Associated Knowledge

Abstract This paper is about collaborative relationships between manufacturing industry and universities in Australia, with particular reference to small to medium size enterprises (SME’s) because of their prevalence and their importance to the economies of industrialised countries. To put local conditions in perspective, it should be recorded that the annual output of Australian manufacturing industry currently is in excess of $100 billion (Australian dollars) of which 30% is exported [1]. The role of the Government in promoting collaboration between industry and universities, and the associated knowledge transfer, is exemplified by a senior body sponsored by the Australian Commonwealth Government.

scholarly journals Vitamins and neural and cognitive developmental outcomes in children

2011 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Benton
Keyword(s):  
Critical Period ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Developmental Outcomes ◽  
Vegan Diet ◽  
Limited Evidence ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Vitamin Status ◽  
Industrialised Countries ◽  
The Brain

The role of vitamin status in the development of the brain and the subsequent functioning of the brain was considered. There are data with a range of vitamins, from animal studies and human studies in developing countries, suggesting that a clinical deficiency during the critical period when the brain is developing causes permanent damage. To date there is, however, with the exception of cases of clinical deficiency such as those that might be associated with a vegan diet, little evidence that variations in the diet of those living in industrialised countries have a lasting developmental influence. Similarly, later in life clinical deficiencies of various vitamins disrupt cognition although there is to date limited evidence that variations in the intake of single vitamins in industrialised societies influence functioning. It may well be, however, unreasonable to expect that vitamins examined in isolation will be associated with differences in cognitive functioning. The output of the brain reflects millions of metabolic processes, each potentially susceptible to any of a range of vitamins. A diet poor in one respect is likely to be poor in other respects as well. As such, the preliminary reports in double-blind placebo-controlled trials that aspects of cognition and behaviour respond to supplementation with multi-micronutrients may indicate the way forward.

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