Technology of Protein Synthesis and Protein-Rich Foods

Level of cottonseed meal but not frequency of feeding regulates whole-body protein synthesis and growth of sheep fed a roughage diet

Animal Production Science ◽

10.1071/an09066 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 49 (11) ◽

pp. 1023

Author(s):

L. P. Kahn ◽

Somu B. N. Rao ◽

J. V. Nolan

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Protein Synthesis ◽

Cottonseed Meal ◽

Whole Body ◽

Body Protein ◽

Protein Supplements ◽

Protein Retention ◽

Medium Quality ◽

Protein Rich

An incomplete factorial experiment was conducted to determine the effect of level and frequency of feeding of a protein-rich supplement on the growth and whole-body protein metabolism of young sheep fed a medium quality roughage diet. Cottonseed meal (CSM) was used as the protein supplement and provided at 0, 0.2 or 0.4% liveweight per day at a frequency of 1 or 3 times each week and chopped oaten (0.95) and lucerne (0.05) hay was the roughage. Growth rate more than doubled (P < 0.01) following provision of CSM but there was no advantage of feeding CSM at the highest level. Frequency of feeding CSM did not alter growth rate. Intake of hay was little affected by CSM and as a consequence the food conversion ratio declined (P < 0.01) favourably from 22 : 1 (nil CSM) to 9 : 1 as a result of supplementation. The rate of whole-body protein synthesis increased (P < 0.01) in response to the highest level of CSM with no apparent change in protein degradation, underpinning an increase (P < 0.01) in protein retention. These results highlight the role of protein supplements for promoting growth of young sheep on roughage diets and indicate that these supplements need to be provided only once a week.

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Protein-Rich Food Ingestion Stimulates Mitochondrial Protein Synthesis in Sedentary Young Adults of Different BMIs

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism ◽

10.1210/jc.2017-00360 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 102 (9) ◽

pp. 3415-3424 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Joseph W Beals ◽

Richard W A Mackenzie ◽

Stephan van Vliet ◽

Sarah K Skinner ◽

Brandon A Pagni ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Young Adults ◽

Protein Synthesis ◽

Mitochondrial Protein ◽

Mitochondrial Protein Synthesis ◽

Food Ingestion ◽

Rich Food ◽

Protein Rich

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Truly Absorbed Microbial Protein Synthesis, Rumen Bypass Protein, Endogenous Protein, and Total Metabolizable Protein from Starchy and Protein-Rich Raw Materials: Model Comparison and Predictions

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry ◽

10.1021/jf505961e ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 63 (29) ◽

pp. 6518-6524 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ehsan Parand ◽

Alireza Vakili ◽

Mohsen Danesh Mesgaran ◽

Gert van Duinkerken ◽

Peiqiang Yu

Keyword(s):

Protein Synthesis ◽

Model Comparison ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Microbial Protein ◽

Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽

Metabolizable Protein ◽

Endogenous Protein ◽

Protein Rich

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Evaluating the Leucine Trigger Hypothesis to Explain the Post-prandial Regulation of Muscle Protein Synthesis in Young and Older Adults: A Systematic Review

Frontiers in Nutrition ◽

10.3389/fnut.2021.685165 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Author(s):

Gabriele Zaromskyte ◽

Konstantinos Prokopidis ◽

Theofilos Ioannidis ◽

Kevin D. Tipton ◽

Oliver C. Witard

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Older Adults ◽

Protein Synthesis ◽

Muscle Protein ◽

Muscle Protein Synthesis ◽

Sufficient Evidence ◽

Concentration Profiles ◽

Post Exercise ◽

Protein Sources ◽

Protein Rich

Background: The “leucine trigger” hypothesis was originally conceived to explain the post-prandial regulation of muscle protein synthesis (MPS). This hypothesis implicates the magnitude (amplitude and rate) of post-prandial increase in blood leucine concentrations for regulation of the magnitude of MPS response to an ingested protein source. Recent evidence from experimental studies has challenged this theory, with reports of a disconnect between blood leucine concentration profiles and post-prandial rates of MPS in response to protein ingestion.Aim: The primary aim of this systematic review was to qualitatively evaluate the leucine trigger hypothesis to explain the post-prandial regulation of MPS in response to ingested protein at rest and post-exercise in young and older adults. We hypothesized that experimental support for the leucine trigger hypothesis will depend on age, exercise status (rest vs. post-exercise), and type of ingested protein (i.e., isolated proteins vs. protein-rich whole food sources).Methods: This qualitative systematic review extracted data from studies that combined measurements of post-prandial blood leucine concentrations and rates of MPS following ingested protein at rest and following exercise in young and older adults. Data relating to blood leucine concentration profiles and post-prandial MPS rates were extracted from all studies, and reported as providing sufficient or insufficient evidence for the leucine trigger hypothesis.Results: Overall, 16 of the 29 eligible studies provided sufficient evidence to support the leucine trigger hypothesis for explaining divergent post-prandial rates of MPS in response to different ingested protein sources. Of these 16 studies, 13 were conducted in older adults (eight of which conducted measurements post-exercise) and 14 studies included the administration of isolated proteins.Conclusion: This systematic review underscores the merits of the leucine trigger hypothesis for the explanation of the regulation of MPS. However, our data indicate that the leucine trigger hypothesis confers most application in regulating the post-prandial response of MPS to ingested proteins in older adults. Consistent with our hypothesis, we provide data to support the idea that the leucine trigger hypothesis is more relevant within the context of ingesting isolated protein sources rather than protein-rich whole foods. Future mechanistic studies are warranted to understand the complex series of modulatory factors beyond blood leucine concentration profiles within a food matrix that regulate post-prandial rates of MPS.

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Homochirality as the Signature of Extra-Terrestrial Life

International Astronomical Union Colloquium ◽

10.1017/s0252921100015037 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 161 ◽

pp. 505-510

Author(s):

Alexandra J. MacDermott ◽

Laurence D. Barron ◽

Andrè Brack ◽

Thomas Buhse ◽

John R. Cronin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Protein Synthesis ◽

Optical Rotation ◽

Physical Origin ◽

Natural Choice ◽

Rosetta Mission ◽

Terrestrial Life ◽

Subsurface Layers ◽

Solar System Bodies ◽

Origin Of Homochirality

AbstractThe most characteristic hallmark of life is its homochirality: all biomolecules are usually of one hand, e.g. on Earth life uses only L-amino acids for protein synthesis and not their D mirror images. We therefore suggest that a search for extra-terrestrial life can be approached as a Search for Extra- Terrestrial Homochirality (SETH). The natural choice for a SETH instrument is optical rotation, and we describe a novel miniaturized space polarimeter, called the SETH Cigar, which could be used to detect optical rotation as the homochiral signature of life on other planets. Moving parts are avoided by replacing the normal rotating polarizer by multiple fixed polarizers at different angles as in the eye of the bee. We believe that homochirality may be found in the subsurface layers on Mars as a relic of extinct life, and on other solar system bodies as a sign of advanced pre-biotic chemistry. We discuss the chiral GC-MS planned for the Roland lander of the Rosetta mission to a comet and conclude with theories of the physical origin of homochirality.

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Microscopic investigations of novel intracellular bodies of a Nocardia SP

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100169511 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 52 ◽

pp. 356-357

Author(s):

J. L. Stites

Keyword(s):

Uranyl Acetate ◽

Electron Microscopic ◽

En Bloc ◽

Ribonucleic Acids ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Nocardia Sp ◽

Internal Constitution ◽

Membrane Bound ◽

Molecular Components ◽

Protein Rich

A Nocardia sp.was found during an initial transmission electron microscopic (TEM) examination to have unusual intracellular bodies (ICB's) which do not appear to have been described previously in the literature. Most intracellular structures within bacteria have been classified as storage granules, a product of membrane invagination (i.e. mesosomes), or vacuoles. In bacteria there are no known intracellular membrane-bound organelles, and all internal membranes are invaginations of the unit membrane. Several microscopic-level examinations of the Nocardia sp. ICB's were initiated in order to determine their overall structure, classification, and internal constitution.Different TEM staining procedures were performed to determine possible molecular components of the ICB. In all of the staining protocols the ICB's showed a lack of electron density similar to the cell wall. Because the ICB's showed no affinity to any stain, it appeared they do not have strong positive charge (phosphotungstic acid), are not protein rich (en bloc uranyl acetate), lack glycogen and are not phosphate or sulphur rich (lead citrate), nor do they contain lipids or ribonucleic acids (osmium tetroxide).

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