The Role of the Portal of Entry in Inhibition of Tumorigenesis

2015 ◽  
pp. 89-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. W. Wattenberg
Keyword(s):  
Portal Of Entry

The Development Of The Humanized Darc Transgenic Mouse

Blood ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 122 (21) ◽  
pp. 2188-2188
Author(s):  
Igor N Novitzky-Basso ◽  
Maria H Ulvmar ◽  
Andrea Bacon ◽  
Sridhar Chaganti ◽  
Paul AH Moss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Advisory Committees ◽  
Downstream Signaling ◽  
Cc Chemokines ◽  
Travel Grant ◽  
Resistance To Infection ◽  
Portal Of Entry ◽  
Kidney Liver ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The Duffy Antigen Receptor for Chemokines (DARC) is an atypical chemokine receptor which binds CXC and CC chemokines with no measurable downstream signaling. Erythrocyte DARC serves as a chemokine sink and reservoir. DARC on endothelial cells transports chemokines thus promoting transendothelial leukocyte migration. Two common polymorphisms define the Duffy blood group, FYA and FYB, whilst the third polymorphism which is widely prevalent in West Africa, FYB(ES), abolishes erythrocyte expression of DARC. DARC is a portal of entry for plasmodium vivax suggesting that FYB(ES) was selected due to it conferring resistance to infection. The impact of the FYB(ES) polymorphism extends to a genetic association with the benign ethnic neutropenia. In order to study the mechanisms of this association we have developed a murine transgenic models of the Fy(a-b-) phenotype as encoded by FYB(ES), and Fy(a-b+) phenotype as encoded by FYB. Cloned genes were introduced by pronuclear micro-injection into fertilized oocytes of murine-DARC knockouts. The resulting embryos were transferred into pseudopregnant mice and offspring screened for transgene insertion by PCR genotyping. Gene expression in founder animals was measured by qPCR, demonstrating expression in lung, kidney, liver, spleen, skin and cerebellum. Protein expression was confirmed by immunofluorescence on frozen sections in spleen and skin in a distribution identical to human. Erythrocyte phenotyping by FACS using anti-Fy3 and anti-Fy6 monoclonal antibodies demonstrated the lack of DARC expression in mice with FYB(ES) and confirmed expression on FYB transgenic erythrocytes. We show that murine chemokines bind to human DARC and we plan to use this model to investigate the impact of FYB(ES) on in vivo chemokine functions and equilibria. These models will prove useful in the dissection of the mechanisms of ethnic neutropenia and improve the understanding in the role of DARC in chemokine homeostasis. Disclosures: Chaganti: Roche: Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees, Receipt of travel grant Other.

scholarly journals The Role of Candida albicans NOT5 in Virulence Depends upon Diverse Host Factors In Vivo

2005 ◽  
Vol 73 (11) ◽  
pp. 7190-7197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaoji Cheng ◽  
Cornelius J. Clancy ◽  
Mary Ann Checkley ◽  
Zongde Zhang ◽  
Karen L. Wozniak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Functional Equivalence ◽  
Host Defenses ◽  
Growth Defects ◽  
The Status ◽  
Portal Of Entry ◽  
Tissue Site

ABSTRACT We previously identified Candida albicans Not5p as an immunogenic protein expressed during oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC). In this study, we demonstrate that C. albicans NOT5 reverses the growth defects of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae not5 mutant strain at 37°C, suggesting that the genes share at least some functional equivalence. We implicate C. albicans NOT5 in the pathogenesis of disseminated candidiasis (DC) induced by intravenous infection among neutropenic and nonimmunosuppressed mice, as well as in that of OPC in mice immunosuppressed with corticosteroids. We find no role in virulence, however, among neutropenic and corticosteroid-suppressed mice with DC resulting from gastrointestinal translocation, nor do we implicate the gene in vulvovaginal candidiasis among mice in pseudoestrus. These findings suggest that the role of NOT5 in virulence depends on the specific in vivo environment and is influenced by diverse factors such as tissue site, portal of entry, and the status of host defenses. NOT5 is necessary for normal adherence to colonic and cervical epithelial cells in vitro, demonstrating that such assays cannot fully replicate disease processes in vivo. Lastly, antibody responses against Not5p do not differ in the sera of patients with OPC, patients with DC, and healthy controls, suggesting that the protein is associated with both commensalism and the pathogenesis of disease.

scholarly journals Role of Eyes and Eyes Protection Amidst SARS-CoV-2 Infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 59 (233) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bibechan Thapa
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
Transmission Route ◽  
Duct System ◽  
Lacrimal Duct ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Tear Flow ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Portal Of Entry

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 pandemic has infected millions of people. Theconjunctival epithelium is easily exposed to infectious droplets and body fluids making eyes apotential route and reservoir of the infection. The CD147 and ACE2 receptor has been demonstratedin ocular surface cells, which implies that these cells may facilitate as a portal of entry for transmissionof Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2. Despite low viral load in tears and conjunctivalswab, the negative RT-PCR results cannot exclude the possibility of the presence of Severe AcuteRespiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 in ocular secretions. Pathogens might be transported byconstant tear flow through the lacrimal duct system to the respiratory tract causing infection. Eyesare unlikely to be the main transmission route, however, their role in the transmission of SevereAcute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 cannot be overlooked. Therefore, proper eye protectionshould be instituted while attending Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 positiveindividuals, especially by health professionals.

scholarly journals Peran Air dan Sanitasi terhadap Pencegahan Infeksi Soil-Transmitted Helminths

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-147
Author(s):  
Lustyafa Inassani Alifia
Keyword(s):  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Wastewater Disposal ◽  
Soil Transmitted Helminths ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Global Problems ◽  
Portal Of Entry

Introduction: Soil-Transmitted Helminths (STH) infection is a tropical infectious disease that causes serious global problems. Based on WHO in 2018, there are more than 1.5 billion people or around 24% of the world’s population have been infected at least one of the species that causes STH infection. This STH infection can be prevented by optimizing the use of clean water, good sanitation, and adequate personal hygiene or WASH strategies (Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene). Purpose: The purpose of this article is to determine the role of water and sanitation in preventing infection of soil-transmitted helminths. Methods: This study was conducted with an article review that analyzes the role of water and sanitation in the prevention of STH infection. The article search was carried out by searching through the Google Scholar database by entering the keyword ‘soil-transmitted helminths, water, and sanitation”. This article was used 23 references based on references from reputable national and international journals to produce a comprehensive presentation. Results: Unclean water, unhygienic and unqualified sewage disposal that will eventually pollute the soil, wastewater disposal, and improper waste management are some of the risk factors where these STH species can continue their lifecycle and infect humans as the definitive host. Discussion: Inadequate sanitation can also contribute to an increased risk of STH infection, caused by an increase in the number of infective eggs from these species in the community, including in the soil. Conclusion: Poor sanitation increase the risk of the portal of entry to the host by swallowed by humans.  

scholarly journals The Gut as a Portal of Entry for Bacteremia Role of Protein Malnutrition

1987 ◽  
Vol 205 (6) ◽  
pp. 681-692 ◽  
Author(s):  
EDWIN A. DEITCH ◽  
JOHN WINTERTON ◽  
M A LI ◽  
RODNEY BERG
Keyword(s):  
Protein Malnutrition ◽  
Portal Of Entry

Role of dactinomycin in the improved survival of children with Wilms' tumor

JAMA ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 195 (12) ◽  
pp. 1005-1009 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Fernbach
Keyword(s):  
Wilms Tumor

Role of the allergist in diagnosis and management of patients with uveitis

JAMA ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 195 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. E. Van Metre
Keyword(s):  
Diagnosis And Management

The power of norms to sway fused group members

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Winnifred R. Louis ◽  
Craig McGarty ◽  
Emma F. Thomas ◽  
Catherine E. Amiot ◽  
Fathali M. Moghaddam
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Anthropology ◽  
Normative Systems ◽  
Violent Extremism ◽  
Identity Fusion ◽  
Group Members

AbstractWhitehouse adapts insights from evolutionary anthropology to interpret extreme self-sacrifice through the concept of identity fusion. The model neglects the role of normative systems in shaping behaviors, especially in relation to violent extremism. In peaceful groups, increasing fusion will actually decrease extremism. Groups collectively appraise threats and opportunities, actively debate action options, and rarely choose violence toward self or others.

Elaborating the role of reflection and individual differences in the study of folk-economic beliefs

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Arceneaux
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Economic Beliefs

AbstractIntuitions guide decision-making, and looking to the evolutionary history of humans illuminates why some behavioral responses are more intuitive than others. Yet a place remains for cognitive processes to second-guess intuitive responses – that is, to be reflective – and individual differences abound in automatic, intuitive processing as well.

The role of affect in feelings of obligation

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefen Beeler-Duden ◽  
Meltem Yucel ◽  
Amrisha Vaish
Keyword(s):  
Positive Emotions ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Sense Of Obligation

Abstract Tomasello offers a compelling account of the emergence of humans’ sense of obligation. We suggest that more needs to be said about the role of affect in the creation of obligations. We also argue that positive emotions such as gratitude evolved to encourage individuals to fulfill cooperative obligations without the negative quality that Tomasello proposes is inherent in obligations.

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