Replication and Action of Oncogenic Viruses

2015 ◽  
pp. 45-61
Author(s):  
L. Montagnier
Keyword(s):  
Oncogenic Viruses

Oncogenesis and the Lucké Virus

1968 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 200-201
Author(s):  
A. E. Vatter ◽  
J. Zambernard
Keyword(s):  
Rna Viruses ◽  
Vegetative State ◽  
Temperature Sensitive ◽  
Structural Level ◽  
Oncogenic Viruses ◽  
Dna Viruses ◽  
Leopard Frogs ◽  
Renal Adenocarcinoma ◽  
Induced Tumors ◽  
Northern Leopard Frogs

Oncogenic viruses, like viruses in general, can be divided into two classes, those that contain deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and those that contain ribonucleic acid (RNA). The RNA viruses have been recovered readily from the tumors which they cause whereas, the DNA-virus induced tumors have not yielded the virus. Since DNA viruses cannot be recovered, the bulk of present day investigations have been concerned with RNA viruses.The Lucké renal adenocarcinoma is a spontaneous tumor which occurs in northern leopard frogs (Rana pipiens) and has received increased attention in recent years because of its probable viral etiology. This hypothesis was first advanced by Lucké after he observed intranuclear inclusions in some of the tumor cells. Tumors with inclusions were examined at the fine structural level by Fawcett who showed that they contained immature and mature virus˗like particles.The use of this system in the study of oncogenic tumors offers several unique features, the virus has been shown to contain DNA and it can be recovered from the tumor, also, it is temperature sensitive. This latter feature is of importance because the virus can be transformed from a latent to a vegetative state by lowering or elevating the environmental temperature.

Aberrant Type C Virus Production in a Cell Line Derived from Balb/3T3

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 286-287
Author(s):  
N. Savage ◽  
A. Hackett
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cell Line ◽  
Leukemia Virus ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Virus Production ◽  
Oncogenic Viruses ◽  
Endogenous Virus ◽  
Virus Particles ◽  
Moloney Leukemia Virus ◽  
A Cell

A cell line, UC1-B, which was derived from Balb/3T3 cells, maintains the same morphological characteristics of the non-transformed parental culture, and shows no evidence of spontaneous virus production. Survey by electron microscopy shows that the cell line consists of spindle-shaped cells with no unusual features and no endogenous virus particles.UC1-B cells respond to Moloney leukemia virus (MLV) infection by a change in morphology and growth pattern which is typical of cells transformed by sarcoma virus. Electron microscopy shows that the cells are now variable in shape (rounded, rhomboid, and spindle), and each cell type has some microvilli. Virtually all (90%) of the cells show virus particles developing at the cell surface and within the cytoplasm. Maturing viruses, typical of the oncogenic viruses, are found along with atypical tubular forms in the same cell.

Association of normal oral mucosa with DNA of the main types of oncogenic viruses

2020 ◽  
pp. 60-63
Author(s):  
S.I. Kutukova ◽  
A.B. Chukhlovin ◽  
A.I. Yaremenko ◽  
Yu.V. Ivaskova ◽  
A.Ya. Razumova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Mucosa ◽  
Epstein Barr Virus ◽  
Oncogenic Viruses ◽  
Viral Dna ◽  
Dna Viruses ◽  
Normal Oral Mucosa ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Ebv Dna ◽  
Epstein Barr ◽  
Hpv 18

The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of DNA viruses (HSV I and II, CMV, EBV, HPV6.11, HPV16 and HPV18) in the native oral mucosa of healthy volunteers (n=50; 30 men (60.0%), 20 women (40.0%); 25—74 years, median age — 55.0 years (95% CI 47.60-56.76)). All samples of the normal oral mucosa were detected by real-time PCR to detect viral DNA. The majority of the examined — 76% (33/50) — revealed the DNA: one type of viral DNA in 17 (38.00%) of the examined, a combination of the two types in 14 (28.00%). In the normal oral mucosa, DNA of Epstein-Barr virus was significantly more often detected: 15 (30.00%) (p = 0.0276) and human papilloma viruses 27 (54.00%) (p <0.0001), especially HPV-18 (24 (48.00%)): mono-association in 9 (18.00%) examined and in 7 (14.00%) in combination with EBV DNA (p = 0.0253).

scholarly journals Virus-Driven Carcinogenesis

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 2625
Author(s):  
Yuichiro Hatano ◽  
Takayasu Ideta ◽  
Akihiro Hirata ◽  
Kayoko Hatano ◽  
Hiroyuki Tomita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insertional Mutagenesis ◽  
Human Herpesvirus ◽  
Kaposi Sarcoma ◽  
Malignant Cell ◽  
Precision Oncology ◽  
Oncogenic Viruses ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Human T Cell ◽  
Tumor Viruses ◽  
Tumor Virus

Cancer arises from the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations. Even in the era of precision oncology, carcinogens contributing to neoplastic process are still an important focus of research. Comprehensive genomic analyses have revealed various combinations of base substitutions, referred to as the mutational signatures, in cancer. Each mutational signature is believed to arise from specific DNA damage and repair processes, including carcinogens. However, as a type of carcinogen, tumor viruses increase the cancer risk by alternative mechanisms, including insertional mutagenesis, viral oncogenes, and immunosuppression. In this review, we summarize virus-driven carcinogenesis to provide a framework for the control of malignant cell proliferation. We first provide a brief overview of oncogenic viruses and describe their implication in virus-related tumors. Next, we describe tumor viruses (HPV, Human papilloma virus; HBV, Hepatitis B virus; HCV, Hepatitis C virus; EBV, Epstein–Barr virus; Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus; MCV, Merkel cell polyoma virus; HTLV-1, Human T-cell lymphotropic virus, type-1) and tumor virus-related cancers. Lastly, we introduce emerging tumor virus candidates, human cytomegalovirus (CMV), human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) and adeno-associated virus-2 (AAV-2). We expect this review to be a hub in a complex network of data for virus-associated carcinogenesis.

scholarly journals Use of pembrolizumab with or without pomalidomide in HIV-associated non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. e002097
Author(s):  
Kathryn Lurain ◽  
Ramya Ramaswami ◽  
Ralph Mangusan ◽  
Anaida Widell ◽  
Irene Ekwede ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
B Cell ◽  
Hodgkin’S Lymphoma ◽  
Cell Lymphoma ◽  
B Cell Lymphoma ◽  
Hiv And Aids ◽  
Hodgkin's Lymphoma ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Oncogenic Viruses ◽  
Non Hodgkin’S Lymphoma ◽  
Non Hodgkin's Lymphoma

BackgroundNon-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) is currently the most common malignancy among people living with HIV (PLWH) in the USA. NHL in PLWH is more frequently associated with oncogenic viruses than NHL in immunocompetent individuals and is generally associated with increased PD-1 expression and T cell exhaustion. An effective immune-based second-line approach that is less immunosuppressive than chemotherapy may decrease infection risk, improve immune control of oncogenic viruses, and ultimately allow for better lymphoma control.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective study of patients with HIV-associated lymphomas treated with pembrolizumab±pomalidomide in the HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute.ResultsWe identified 10 patients with stage IV relapsed and/or primary refractory HIV-associated NHL who were treated with pembrolizumab, an immune checkpoint inihibitor, with or without pomalidomide. Five patients had primary effusion lymphoma (PEL): one had germinal center B cell-like (GCB) diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL); two had non-GCB DLBCL; one had aggressive B cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified; and one had plasmablastic lymphoma. Six patients received pembrolizumab alone at 200 mg intravenously every 3 weeks, three received pembrolizumab 200 mg intravenously every 4 weeks plus pomalidomide 4 mg orally every day for days 1–21 of a 28-day cycle; and one sequentially received pembrolizumab alone and then pomalidomide alone. The response rate was 50% with particular benefit in gammaherpesvirus-associated tumors. The progression-free survival was 4.1 months (95% CI: 1.3 to 12.4) and overall survival was 14.7 months (95% CI: 2.96 to not reached). Three patients with PEL had leptomeningeal disease: one had a complete response and the other two had long-term disease control. There were four immune-related adverse events (irAEs), all CTCAEv5 grade 2–3; three of the four patients were able to continue receiving pembrolizumab. No irAEs occurred in patients receiving the combination of pembrolizumab and pomalidomide.ConclusionsTreatment of HIV-associated NHL with pembrolizumab with or without pomalidomide elicited responses in several subtypes of HIV-associated NHL. This approach is worth further study in PLWH and NHL.

scholarly journals High-Risk Human Papillomavirus and Tobacco Smoke Interactions in Epithelial Carcinogenesis

Cancers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 2201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Aguayo ◽  
Juan P. Muñoz ◽  
Francisco Perez-Dominguez ◽  
Diego Carrillo-Beltrán ◽  
Carolina Oliva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Papillomavirus ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Complex Mixture ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Hpv Infection ◽  
Oncogenic Viruses ◽  
Cancer Initiation ◽  
Physical Environmental Factors

Cervical, anogenital, and some head and neck cancers (HNC) are etiologically associated with high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection, even though additional cofactors are necessary. Epidemiological studies have established that tobacco smoke (TS) is a cofactor for cervical carcinogenesis because women who smoke are more susceptible to cervical cancer when compared to non-smokers. Even though such a relationship has not been established in HPV-related HNC, a group of HPV positive patients with this malignancy are smokers. TS is a complex mixture of more than 4500 chemical compounds and approximately 60 of them show oncogenic properties such as benzo[α]pyrene (BaP) and nitrosamines, among others. Some of these compounds have been evaluated for carcinogenesis through experimental settings in collaboration with HR-HPV. Here, we conducted a comprehensive review of the suggested molecular mechanisms involved in cooperation with both HR-HPV and TS for epithelial carcinogenesis. Furthermore, we propose interaction models in which TS collaborates with HR-HPV to promote epithelial cancer initiation, promotion, and progression. More studies are warranted to clarify interactions between oncogenic viruses and chemical or physical environmental factors for epithelial carcinogenesis.

scholarly journals Role of viruses in oral squamous cell carcinoma

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rashmi Metgud ◽  
Madhusudan Astekar ◽  
Meenal Verma ◽  
Ashish Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Genetic Susceptibility ◽  
Squamous Cell ◽  
Oncogenic Viruses ◽  
Exact Role ◽  
Carcinogenic Effects

The etiology of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is complex and involves many factors. The most clearly defined risk factors are smoking and alcohol, which substantially increase the risk of oral SCC. However, despite this clear association, a substantial proportion of patients develop OSCC without exposure to them, emphasizing the role of other risk factors such as genetic susceptibility and oncogenic viruses. Some viruses are strongly associated with OSCC while the association of others is less frequent and may depend on co-factors for their carcinogenic effects. Therefore, the exact role of viruses must be evaluated with care in order to improve the diagnosis and treatment of OSCC.

scholarly journals Viral hepatitis and liver cancer

2017 ◽  
Vol 372 (1732) ◽  
pp. 20160274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Ringehan ◽  
Jane A. McKeating ◽  
Ulrike Protzer
Keyword(s):  
Liver Cirrhosis ◽  
Liver Cancer ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Primary Liver Cancer ◽  
Oncogenic Viruses ◽  
Chronic Infections ◽  
Future Design ◽  
End Stage

Hepatitis B and C viruses are a global health problem causing acute and chronic infections that can lead to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). These infections are the leading cause for HCC worldwide and are associated with significant mortality, accounting for more than 1.3 million deaths per year. Owing to its high incidence and resistance to treatment, liver cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, with HCC representing approximately 90% of all primary liver cancer cases. The majority of viral-associated HCC cases develop in subjects with liver cirrhosis; however, hepatitis B virus infection can promote HCC development without prior end-stage liver disease. Thus, understanding the role of hepatitis B and C viral infections in HCC development is essential for the future design of treatments and therapies for this cancer. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on hepatitis B and C virus hepatocarcinogenesis and highlight direct and indirect risk factors. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Human oncogenic viruses’.

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