Immunology in Relation to the Proteins of the Normal Lens

2015 ◽  
pp. 301-315
Author(s):  
M. Rabaey
Keyword(s):  
Normal Lens

The upstream ectoderm enhancer in Pax6 has an important role in lens induction

Development ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 128 (22) ◽  
pp. 4415-4424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia V. Dimanlig ◽  
Sonya C. Faber ◽  
Woytek Auerbach ◽  
Helen P. Makarenkova ◽  
Richard A. Lang
Keyword(s):  
Transcriptional Control ◽  
Control Element ◽  
Pax6 Gene ◽  
Pax6 Expression ◽  
Surface Ectoderm ◽  
Targeted Deletion ◽  
Lens Vesicle ◽  
Normal Lens ◽  
Lens Formation ◽  
Lens Placode

The Pax6 gene has a central role in development of the eye. We show, through targeted deletion in the mouse, that an ectoderm enhancer in the Pax6 gene is required for normal lens formation. Ectoderm enhancer-deficient embryos exhibit distinctive defects at every stage of lens development. These include a thinner lens placode, reduced placodal cell proliferation, and a small lens pit and lens vesicle. In addition, the lens vesicle fails to separate from the surface ectoderm and the maturing lens is smaller and shows a delay in fiber cell differentiation. Interestingly, deletion of the ectoderm enhancer does not eliminate Pax6 production in the lens placode but results in a diminished level that, in central sections, is apparent primarily on the nasal side. This argues that Pax6 expression in the lens placode is controlled by the ectoderm enhancer and at least one other transcriptional control element. It also suggests that Pax6 enhancers active in the lens placode drive expression in distinct subdomains, an assertion that is supported by the expression pattern of a lacZ reporter transgene driven by the ectoderm enhancer. Interestingly, deletion of the ectoderm enhancer causes loss of expression of Foxe3, a transcription factor gene mutated in the dysgenetic lens mouse. When combined, these data and previously published work allow us to assemble a more complete genetic pathway describing lens induction. This pathway features (1) a pre-placodal phase of Pax6 expression that is required for the activity of multiple, downstream Pax6 enhancers; (2) a later, placodal phase of Pax6 expression regulated by multiple enhancers; and (3) the Foxe3 gene in a downstream position. This pathway forms a basis for future analysis of lens induction mechanism.

Elemental Profiles in Cryosections and Frozen-Dried Bulk Specimens of the Normal Lens

1984 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 276-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clifford V. Harding ◽  
Stanley Susan ◽  
Walter Bobrowski
Keyword(s):  
Normal Lens

scholarly journals Assessing UAV platform types and optical sensor specifications

2014 ◽  
Vol II-5 ◽  
pp. 17-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Altena ◽  
T. Goedemé
Keyword(s):  
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Chromatic Aberration ◽  
Image Motion ◽  
Lens Distortion ◽  
Mobile Platforms ◽  
Optical Instruments ◽  
Slow Moving ◽  
Processing Software ◽  
Normal Lens

Photogrammetric acquisition with unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) has grown extensively over the last couple of years. Such mobile platforms and their processing software have matured, resulting in a market which offers off-the-shelf mapping solutions to surveying companies and geospatial enterprises. Different approaches in platform type and optical instruments exist, though its resulting products have similar specifications. To demonstrate differences in acquisitioning practice, a case study over an open mine was flown with two different off-the-shelf UAVs (a fixed-wing and a multi-rotor). The resulting imagery is analyzed to clarify the differences in collection quality. We look at image settings, and stress the fact of photographic experience if manual setting are applied. For mapping production it might be safest to set the camera on automatic. Furthermore, we try to estimate if blur is present due to image motion. A subtle trend seems to be present, for the fast flying platform though its extent is of similar order to the slow moving one. It shows both systems operate at their limits. Finally, the lens distortion is assessed with special attention to chromatic aberration. Here we see that through calibration such aberrations could be present, however detecting this phenomena directly on imagery is not straightforward. For such effects a normal lens is sufficient, though a better lens and collimator does give significant improvement.

Quantitative proteomics analysis by iTRAQ in human nuclear cataracts of different ages and normal lens nuclei

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 776-786 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hai Yan Zhou ◽  
Hong Yan ◽  
Li Li Wang ◽  
Wei Jia Yan ◽  
Ying Bo Shui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Proteomics ◽  
Proteomics Analysis ◽  
Different Ages ◽  
Normal Lens

scholarly journals Universal artificial intelligence platform for collaborative management of cataracts

2019 ◽  
Vol 103 (11) ◽  
pp. 1553-1560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaohang Wu ◽  
Yelin Huang ◽  
Zhenzhen Liu ◽  
Weiyi Lai ◽  
Erping Long ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Real World ◽  
Diagnostic Performance ◽  
Collaborative Management ◽  
Common Disease ◽  
Referral Pattern ◽  
Mode Recognition ◽  
Clinical Scenarios ◽  
Normal Lens ◽  
Medical Referral

PurposeTo establish and validate a universal artificial intelligence (AI) platform for collaborative management of cataracts involving multilevel clinical scenarios and explored an AI-based medical referral pattern to improve collaborative efficiency and resource coverage.MethodsThe training and validation datasets were derived from the Chinese Medical Alliance for Artificial Intelligence, covering multilevel healthcare facilities and capture modes. The datasets were labelled using a three-step strategy: (1) capture mode recognition; (2) cataract diagnosis as a normal lens, cataract or a postoperative eye and (3) detection of referable cataracts with respect to aetiology and severity. Moreover, we integrated the cataract AI agent with a real-world multilevel referral pattern involving self-monitoring at home, primary healthcare and specialised hospital services.ResultsThe universal AI platform and multilevel collaborative pattern showed robust diagnostic performance in three-step tasks: (1) capture mode recognition (area under the curve (AUC) 99.28%–99.71%), (2) cataract diagnosis (normal lens, cataract or postoperative eye with AUCs of 99.82%, 99.96% and 99.93% for mydriatic-slit lamp mode and AUCs >99% for other capture modes) and (3) detection of referable cataracts (AUCs >91% in all tests). In the real-world tertiary referral pattern, the agent suggested 30.3% of people be ‘referred’, substantially increasing the ophthalmologist-to-population service ratio by 10.2-fold compared with the traditional pattern.ConclusionsThe universal AI platform and multilevel collaborative pattern showed robust diagnostic performance and effective service for cataracts. The context of our AI-based medical referral pattern will be extended to other common disease conditions and resource-intensive situations.

Heterogeneity of human cataractous and normal lens γ-crystallins

1982 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Izumi Kabasawa ◽  
Toshio Kodama ◽  
Misato Kabasawa ◽  
Ei Sakaue ◽  
Mariko Watanabe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Normal Lens

scholarly journals Severe Defects in Proliferation and Differentiation of Lens Cells in Foxe3 Null Mice

2005 ◽  
Vol 25 (20) ◽  
pp. 8854-8863 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Medina-Martinez ◽  
Isaac Brownell ◽  
Felipe Amaya-Manzanares ◽  
Qiyong Hu ◽  
Richard R. Behringer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lens Epithelium ◽  
Abnormal Development ◽  
Distinct Region ◽  
Lens Development ◽  
Forkhead Transcription Factor ◽  
Surface Ectoderm ◽  
Dnase Ii ◽  
Lens Cells ◽  
Acid Dnase ◽  
Normal Lens

ABSTRACT During mouse eye development, the correct formation of the lens occurs as a result of reciprocal interactions between the neuroectoderm that forms the retina and surface ectoderm that forms the lens. Although many transcription factors required for early lens development have been identified, the mechanism and genetic interactions mediated by them remain poorly understood. Foxe3 encodes a winged helix-forkhead transcription factor that is initially expressed in the developing brain and in the lens placode and later restricted exclusively to the anterior lens epithelium. Here, we show that targeted disruption of Foxe3 results in abnormal development of the eye. Cells of the anterior lens epithelium show a decreased rate of proliferation, resulting in a smaller than normal lens. The anterior lens epithelium does not properly separate from the cornea and frequently forms an unusual, multilayered tissue. Because of the abnormal differentiation, lens fiber cells do not form properly, and the morphogenesis of the lens is greatly affected. The abnormally differentiated lens cells remain irregular in shape, and the lens becomes vacuolated. The defects in lens development correlate with changes in the expression of growth and differentiation factor genes, including DNase II-like acid DNase, Prox1, p57, and PDGFα receptor. As a result of abnormal lens development, the cornea and the retina are also affected. While Foxe3 is also expressed in a distinct region of the embryonic brain, we have not observed abnormal development of the brain in Foxe3 −/− animals.

scholarly journals ENHANCING CLOSE-UP IMAGE BASED 3D DIGITISATION WITH FOCUS STACKING

2017 ◽  
Vol XLII-2/W5 ◽  
pp. 421-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Kontogianni ◽  
R. Chliverou ◽  
A. Koutsoudis ◽  
G. Pavlidis ◽  
A. Georgopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
3D Model ◽  
Reference Model ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Depth Of Field ◽  
Colour Changes ◽  
Normal Lens ◽  
Structured Light System ◽  
3D Digitisation

The 3D digitisation of small artefacts is a very complicated procedure because of their complex morphological feature structures, concavities, rich decorations, high frequency of colour changes in texture, increased accuracy requirements etc. Image-based methods present a low cost, fast and effective alternative because laser scanning does not meet the accuracy requirements in general. A shallow Depth of Field (DoF) affects the image-based 3D reconstruction and especially the point matching procedure. This is visible not only in the total number of corresponding points but also in the resolution of the produced 3D model. The extension of the DoF is a very important task that should be incorporated in the data collection to attain a better quality of the image set and a better 3D model. An extension of the DoF can be achieved with many methods and especially with the use of the focus stacking technique. In this paper, the focus stacking technique was tested in a real-world experiment to digitise a museum artefact in 3D. The experiment conditions include the use of a full frame camera equipped with a normal lens (50mm), with the camera being placed close to the object. The artefact has already been digitised with a structured light system and that model served as the reference model in which 3D models were compared and the results were presented.

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