Role of Rhinoviruses in the Etiology of Respiratory Illnesses

2015 ◽  
pp. 31-39
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Illnesses

scholarly journals 741. Impact of Adenovirus Co-detections on Illness Severity

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. S266-S266
Author(s):  
Varvara Probst ◽  
Bhinnata Piya ◽  
Laura Stewart ◽  
Susan Gerber ◽  
Brian Rha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Condition ◽  
Human Adenovirus ◽  
Illness Severity ◽  
Inpatient Setting ◽  
Hospital Inpatient ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Respiratory Illnesses ◽  
Co Detection

Abstract Background Human adenovirus (AdV) is a common pathogen among children with acute respiratory illnesses (ARI) and is often associated with co-detection with other respiratory viral pathogens. We sought to compare demographic and clinical characteristics in children with ARI who had single-AdV vs. AdV-co-detection with other viruses. Methods Children <18 years with fever and/or ARI were enrolled in Vanderbilt Children’s Hospital inpatient setting from 2015 to 2018 and emergency department from 2016 to 2018. Interviews were conducted using standardized case report forms. Nose and throat swab specimens were collected and tested by RT-qPCR for common respiratory pathogens (AdV, RSV, HRV, hMPV, PIV1–4 and Influenza). Results Of 2,740 ARI cases, 174 were positive for AdV [88 (51%) single detection], with 53% male, 47% White, 36% Black, 30% Hispanic and median age of 17.2 months. Co-detected pathogens in AdV-positive specimens were RSV(15%), HRV(14%), influenza(5%), PIV1(1%), PIV2(0.6%), PIV3(1.7%), and PIV4(0.6%), hMPV(3%), >1 co-pathogens(9%). Subjects with single-AdV detection were more likely to have an underlying medical condition (42% vs. 24%, P < 0.05). Table 1 compares clinical presentation and severity of single-AdV and AdV-co-detection cases. Conclusion Patients with single-AdV detection were less likely to present with ARI symptoms and require oxygen, but were more likely to have underlying medical conditions compared with AdV-co-detection. Further studies to type AdV isolates will help elucidate the role of specific adenovirus types associated with co-detections and illness severity and inform epidemiological information for future vaccine initiatives. Disclosures J. V. Williams, Quidel: Board Member, Consulting fee. GlaxoSmithKline: Consultant, Consulting fee. N. B. Halasa, sanofi pasteur: Investigator, Research support. GSK: Consultant, Consulting fee. Moderna: Consultant, Consulting fee.

The Role of L-Methylfolate in Depressive Disorders

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 14 (S2) ◽  
pp. 2-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Farah
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Cardiac Disease ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Residual Symptoms ◽  
Respiratory Illnesses ◽  
Full Remission ◽  
Cerebrovascular Events

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a debilitating illness affecting 7% to 12% of men and 20% to 25% of women. It is usually a recurrent illness, with up to 30% of patients experiencing a depressive episode lasting over 2 years. Depression may also increase the morbidity and mortality of numerous medical conditions, such as cardiac disease, myocardial infarction, chronic pain, diabetes, cerebrovascular events, and respiratory illnesses. The goal of antidepressant therapy is to achieve full remission and functional recovery, and continuing treatment beyond the acute phase is usually necessary to maintain remission. In contrast with full remission, individuals who experience residual symptoms, however mild, have a higher chance of experiencing one or more additional episodes.

scholarly journals The Role of Pulmonary Surfactants in the Treatment of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shengguang Wang ◽  
Zhen Li ◽  
Xinyu Wang ◽  
Shiming Zhang ◽  
Peng Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Distress ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Therapeutic Benefit ◽  
Alveolar Type ◽  
Respiratory Illnesses ◽  
Pulmonary Physiology

Lung alveolar type-II (AT-II) cells produce pulmonary surfactant (PS), consisting of proteins and lipids. The lipids in PS are primarily responsible for reducing the air-fluid surface tension inside the alveoli of the lungs and to prevent atelectasis. The proteins are of two types: hydrophilic and hydrophobic. Hydrophilic surfactants are primarily responsible for opsonisation, thereby protecting the lungs from microbial and environmental contaminants. Hydrophobic surfactants are primarily responsible for respiratory function. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) enters the lungs through ACE-2 receptors on lungs and replicates in AT-II cells leading to the etiology of Coronavirus disease – 2019 (COVID-19). The SARS-CoV-2 virus damages the AT-II cells and results in decreased production of PS. The clinical symptoms of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in COVID-19 patients are like those of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS). The PS treatment is first-line treatment option for NRDS and found to be well tolerated in ARDS patients with inconclusive efficacy. Over the past 70°years, a lot of research is underway to produce natural/synthetic PS and developing systems for delivering PS directly to the lungs, in addition to finding the association between PS levels and respiratory illnesses. In the present COVID-19 pandemic situation, the scientific community all over the world is searching for the effective therapeutic options to improve the clinical outcomes. With a strong scientific and evidence-based background on role of PS in lung homeostasis and infection, few clinical trials were initiated to evaluate the functions of PS in COVID-19. Here, we connect the data on PS with reference to pulmonary physiology and infection with its possible therapeutic benefit in COVID-19 patients.

scholarly journals Understanding Rhinovirus Circulation and Impact on Illness

Viruses ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 141
Author(s):  
Camille Esneau ◽  
Alexandra Cate Duff ◽  
Nathan W. Bartlett
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Resource Utilization ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
Respiratory Viruses ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Research Community ◽  
Respiratory Illnesses ◽  
Specific Focus

Rhinoviruses (RVs) have been reported as one of the main viral causes for severe respiratory illnesses that may require hospitalization, competing with the burden of other respiratory viruses such as influenza and RSV in terms of severity, economic cost, and resource utilization. With three species and 169 subtypes, RV presents the greatest diversity within the Enterovirus genus, and despite the efforts of the research community to identify clinically relevant subtypes to target therapeutic strategies, the role of species and subtype in the clinical outcomes of RV infection remains unclear. This review aims to collect and organize data relevant to RV illness in order to find patterns and links with species and/or subtype, with a specific focus on species and subtype diversity in clinical studies typing of respiratory samples.

scholarly journals Immunomodulatory Effects of Zinc as a Supportive Strategies for COVID-19

2020 ◽  
pp. 14-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nahla A. Tayyib ◽  
Pushpamala Ramaiah ◽  
Fatmah J. Alsolami ◽  
Mohammed S. Alshmemri
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Supplementation ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Acquired Immunity ◽  
Immunomodulatory Effects ◽  
Humanitarian Crisis ◽  
Respiratory Illnesses ◽  
Life Saving ◽  
The Common ◽  
Replication Factors

Coronaviruses 2019 (Covid-19) is a massive family of viruses that causes respiratory illnesses ranging from the common cold to the most severe conditions such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that represents the humanitarian crisis on a global scale. Currently, there are no therapeutic strategies approved by the U.S.Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to cure or prevent COVID-19. Global research efforts from around the world extrapolate the updates focusing specifically on the biphasic nature of Covid-19 that involve both innate and acquired immunity. Even though researchers around the globe are racing to invent a life-saving therapeutics and vaccines to tackle COVID-19, the only available venture is a supportive approach in rendering treatment to patients with severe and non-severe cases of COVID-19. Supplementation of several vitamins and trace elements showed the expected favorable impact on enhancing immunity in viral infection. Numerous studies prompted the value of zinc (Zn) supplementation that prevents the virus from entering cells by binding with protein in potentiating antiviral immunity, which is realized through different mechanisms, including the improvement in markers of immune function. Zinc is also an associated factor for several enzymes (needed for the activity for over 300 enzymes), transcription factors, and replication factors. Interestingly, low-level zinc results in dysfunction of all immune cells, subjects with altered zinc state have a high risk for infectious disorders, autoimmune disorders, and cancer. Several assumptions regarding immunomodulators of zinc remain unresolved. This review aimed to explore the hypothetical association of Zinc supplementation (the key immunomodulator) in association with a preventive and therapeutic role of treating patients with COVID-19.

scholarly journals Dust Reduction in Bauxite Waste: Role of Gypsum, Carbonation, and Microbial Decomposition

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 179
Author(s):  
Mark Anglin Harris
Keyword(s):  
Red Mud ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Average Particle Size ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
Microbial Decomposition ◽  
Respiratory Illnesses ◽  
Inorganic Particles ◽  
Simulated Rain ◽  
Surrounding Areas

<p>Producing alumina by the Bayer Process creates fine air borne red dust which devalues property and causes irritation to the human respiratory system. Aggregation of such inorganic particles was proposed as a dust-inhibiting corrective. Resistance to breakdown under simulated rain suggests a lower number of dust-size particles after rain. Samples of red mud waste (1) treated 10 years before the study at the 0-15 cm depth zone with 40 t ha<sup>-1</sup> of gypsum (2) from the subjacent 15-30 cm zone, were collected, crushed and passed through a 0.5 mm diameter sieve. Leaves from <em>Acacia senensis</em> (a legume) were finely chopped to &lt; 1 mm and thoroughly mixed with the sieved bauxite waste at 25- and 50%, and the samples incubated for 6 weeks at ambient room temperatures, at 60% soil water-holding capacity. To determine the fraction of potential dust, the treated samples were submerged in de-ionized water for several days until there was no change in discoloration (due to clay dislocation) of the water. The samples were removed from the water and the water evaporated and the residues dried and weighed. In total, the dust-reducing capabilities of the treatments in descending order of proficiency were: 50% phytogenic &gt; 25% phytogenic &gt; 0-15 cm soil depth non-phytogenic &gt; 15-30 cm-depth non-phytogenic. The 50% phytogenic-treatment reduced potential particles of fugitive dust by 70% over the untreated controls and 95% over the crushed-only (subjacent red mud; no organics added) samples. All in all, phyto-organics increased average particle size to &gt; 100 µm by flocculation, thereby creating stable agglomerates which resisted disintegration and breakdown under simulated rain. Reducing the concentration of &lt; 75 μm particles in the air will decrease morbidity due to respiratory illnesses in surrounding populations, harmful effects on vegetation, and the defacement of buildings. This treatment promises the use of gypsum + phyto-organics for reducing the emanation of surface dust from red mud waste sites onto surrounding areas.</p>

scholarly journals Metabolic Perturbations and Severe COVID-19 Disease: Implication of Molecular Pathways

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Ersilia Nigro ◽  
Fabio Perrotta ◽  
Rita Polito ◽  
Vito D’Agnano ◽  
Filippo Scialò ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Failure ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Respiratory Illnesses ◽  
Receptor Modulation ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
The Impact

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus, which can result in serious respiratory illnesses such as pneumonia leading to respiratory failure. It was first reported in Wuhan, Hubei, China, in December 2019 and rapidly spread globally, becoming a pandemic in March 2020. Among comorbidities observed in SARS-CoV-2 positive patients, hypertension (68.3%) and type 2-diabetes (30.1%) are the most frequent conditions. Although symptoms are highly heterogeneous (ranging from absence of symptoms to severe acute respiratory failure), patients with metabolic-associated diseases often experience worse COVID-19 outcomes. This review investigates the association between metabolic disorders and COVID-19 severity, exploring the molecular mechanisms potentially underlying this relationship and those that are responsible for more severe COVID-19 outcomes. In addition, the role of the main biological processes that may connect metabolic alterations to SARS-CoV-2 infection such as hyperglycemia, immune system deregulation, ACE-2 receptor modulation, and inflammatory response is described. The impact of metabolic disorders on the prognosis of COVID-19 has major implications in public health especially for countries affected by a high incidence of metabolic diseases.

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