The Concept of Immunological Surveillance

2015 ◽  
pp. 1-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. M. Burnet
Keyword(s):  
Immunological Surveillance

scholarly journals Comparative analysis of RCAS1 level in neoplasms and placenta.

2003 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 1187-1194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukasz Wicherek ◽  
Magdalena Dutsch ◽  
Pawel Mak ◽  
Marek Klimek ◽  
Jacek Skladzien ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Tumor Escape ◽  
Cancer Antigen ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Muscle Tissues ◽  
Tumor Associated Antigen ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Immunological Surveillance ◽  
Maternal Immune Response

The tumor associated antigen RCAS1 (receptor-binding cancer antigen expressed on SiSo cells) expressed with high frequency in various cancer and trophoblast cells, inhibits growth of estrogen receptor-expressing cells and induces apoptosis. Because previous reports demonstrated RCAS1 presence only by non-quantitative immunocytochemistry methods, we decided to use a Western blotting with anti-RCAS1 monoclonal antibodies for estimation of the relative content of the tumor-associated antigen. One hundred tissue samples were assayed (neoplasms, chronic inflammatory diseases, healthy tissues, trophoblasts and placentas at term). RCAS1 was present in all neoplastic, placental and trophoblast tissue samples and its level in malignant samples was statistically significantly higher than in benign neoplasms. The amount of RCAS1 in chronic inflammations was also significantly increased in immune mediated diseases, like allergic nasal polyps and sarcoidosis. The RCAS1 protein was not revealed in healthy mucous membrane and in muscle tissues. The presented results suggest that RCAS1 might play an important role in tumor escape from host immunological surveillance and carry weight in the down regulation of the maternal immune response, thereby maintaining pregnancy.

scholarly journals Hepatitis B Viral Mutants and Their Relevance to the Canadian Health Care System

2002 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald Y Minuk
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Core Promoter ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Virus Genome ◽  
Canadian Health Care System ◽  
Molecular Events ◽  
Canadian Health ◽  
Clinical Consequences ◽  
Immunological Surveillance ◽  
Canadian Health Care

Over the past 10 years, an increasing number of mutations in the hepatitis B virus genome have been described. While the majority of these mutations appear to be ‘silent’ or not clinically relevant, some have been described in association with increased severity of disease (core and basic core promoter mutations), evasion of immunological surveillance (S escape mutants), hepatocellular carcinogenesis (X mutants) and resistance to antiviral agents (DNA polymerase mutations). The molecular events and the clinical consequences thereof are reviewed.

scholarly journals Functional Heterogeneity and High Frequencies of Cytomegalovirus-Specific CD8+ T Lymphocytes in Healthy Seropositive Donors

2000 ◽  
Vol 74 (17) ◽  
pp. 8140-8150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geraldine M. A. Gillespie ◽  
Mark R. Wills ◽  
Victor Appay ◽  
Chris O'Callaghan ◽  
Mike Murphy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Lymphocytes ◽  
Hcmv Infection ◽  
Immunocompetent Host ◽  
Functional Heterogeneity ◽  
High Frequencies ◽  
Persistent Viral Infection ◽  
Intracellular Cytokines ◽  
Immunological Surveillance ◽  
Hcmv Replication

ABSTRACT Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection is largely asymptomatic in the immunocompetent host, but remains a major cause of morbidity in immunosuppressed individuals. Using the recently described technique of staining antigen-specific CD8+ T cells with peptide-HLA tetrameric complexes, we have demonstrated high levels of antigen-specific cells specific for HCMV peptides and show that this may exceed 4% of CD8+ T cells in immunocompetent donors. Moreover, by staining with tetramers in combination with antibodies to cell surface markers and intracellular cytokines, we demonstrate functional heterogeneity of HCMV-specific populations. A substantial proportion of these are effector cytotoxic T lymphocytes, as demonstrated by their ability to lyse peptide-pulsed targets in “fresh” killing assays. These data suggest that the immune response to HCMV is periodically boosted by a low level of HCMV replication and that sustained immunological surveillance contributes to the maintenance of host-pathogen homeostasis. These observations should improve our understanding of the immunobiology of persistent viral infection.

scholarly journals KCl-Dependent Release of Mitochondrial Membrane-Bound Arginase Appears to Be a Novel Variant of Arginase-II

Scientifica ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Mishra Suman ◽  
Mishra Rajnikant
Keyword(s):  
Outer Membrane ◽  
Mitochondrial Membrane ◽  
Functional Anatomy ◽  
Mitochondrial Enzymes ◽  
Novel Variant ◽  
Immunological Surveillance ◽  
Membrane Bound ◽  
Arginase Ii ◽  
Arginase I ◽  
Homogenization Medium

Arginase regulates arginine metabolism, ornithine-urea cycle, and immunological surveillance. Arginase-I is predominant in cytosol, and arginase-II is localised in the mitochondria. A mitochondrial membrane-bound arginase has also been proposed to be adsorbed with outer membrane of mitochondria which gets released by 150 mM potassium chloride (KCl). It is presumed that inclusion of 150 mM KCl in the homogenization medium would not only facilitate release of arginase bound with outer membrane of mitochondria but also affect functional anatomy of mitochondria, mitochondrial enzymes, and proteins. Therefore, it has been intended to characterize KCl-dependent release of mitochondrial membrane-bound arginase from liver of mice. Results provide advancement in the area of arginase biology and suggest that fraction of mitochondrial membrane-bound arginase contains mitochondrial arginase-II and a variant of arginase-II.

New cell antigens induced by viruses and their biological significance

1971 ◽  
Vol 177 (1046) ◽  
pp. 23-39 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Host Cell ◽  
Genetic Modification ◽  
Biological Significance ◽  
Virus Genome ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Immunological Methods ◽  
Replication Process ◽  
General Importance ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Immunological Surveillance

Nearly all virus-infected cells are found to have new antigens not present in uninfected cells. Many such antigens are concerned in virus replication, either representing components of the virions themselves or, presumably, enzymes or other materials required for the replication process. Most antigens are short-term products: the host cells are killed or soon recover from the effects of the virus. However, in some cases the production of antigens can continue for a long time, with interesting consequences. In fact, the presence of such antigens is one of the main ways in which genetic modification of host cells by viruses—which is the subject of this meeting—can be detected. The term ‘antigen’ is here used in a broad sense for any component that can be demonstrated by immunological methods, not necessarily in the host species. Those that can elicit immune responses in the host are especially interesting because they are not laboratory artefacts and may be relevant to such phenomena as immunological surveillance against tumours and auto-immunity, as discussed below. The first point that requires consideration is the way in which viruses can bring about genetic modification of host cells. These can be classified into four main groups: (1) Expression of a persisting non-integrated virus genome. (2) Expression of an integrated virus genome. (3) Depression of host cell genes. (4) Alteration of the host cell genome. Examples of each of these will be considered, although in some cases the attribution of observed phenomena into the appropriate category is uncertain. Further studies should be directed towards resolving these uncertainties, because understanding of the mechanisms involved is of general importance in relation to understanding virus carcinogenesis and possibly some aspects of autoimmunity.

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