Epigenetic Modifications and Type 2 Diabetes in Humans

2014 ◽  
pp. 102-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte Ling
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Epigenetic Modifications

scholarly journals Role of Epigenetics in the Pathogenesis and Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 20-28
Author(s):  
Tajudeen Yahaya
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Epigenetic Modifications ◽  
Insulin Biosynthesis ◽  
Epigenetic Changes ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors

The need to reverse the growing incidence and burden of diabetes mellitus (DM) worldwide has led to more studies on the possible causes of the disease. Genetic and environmental factors had long been suspected in the pathogenesis of a form of the disease known as the Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, more recent studies suggest epigenetic changes could also be involved in the onset of the disease. This review highlights the role of epigenetic modifications in the pathogenesis and management of T2DM. Peer reviewed studies on the subject were retrieved from reputable sources over the internet, and the majority of the studies unanimously implicated epigenetic modifications in the pathogenesis of some cases of the disease. DNA methylation, histone modification and microRNAs mediated pathways were observed to be the main mechanisms of epigenetic changes. These mechanisms are triggered by certain environmental factors such as diets, microbial and pollutant exposure, lifestyles, among others, prior to the onset of T2DM. Epigenetic changes can modify the expressions and functions of certain genes involved in insulin biosynthesis and glucose metabolism, leading to hyperglycemia and insulin resistance, which are hallmarks of T2DM. Fortunately, epigenetic changes can be reversed by blocking or activating the modulating enzymes, thus if the epigenetic aetiology of a diabetic condition is identified, it can be used as a therapeutic strategy.

scholarly journals Gut microbiota as a factor in epigenetic programming of the phenotypes of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Review

2021 ◽  
pp. 75-81
Author(s):  
К. О. Shyshkan-Shyshova ◽  
O. V. Zinych
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Epigenetic Modifications ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolic Phenotype

Recent advances in molecular and genetic research have illuminated the mechanisms of interaction between genes and the environment, which are partially mediated by so-called epigenetic modifications. These changes do not affect the primary structure of genes’ DNA, but cause persistent changes in their expression, which can be inherited by subsequent generations and determine the formation of the corresponding metabolic phenotype. Obesity, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus develop on the basis of insulin resistance in the presence of a genetic predisposition under the influence of external factors, including environmental influences and lifestyle characteristics, in particular dietary habits. Today it has been proven that changes in the profile of intestinal microbiota is an important modifiable factor in the development of dysmetabolic states. Gut microbiota plays a key role in the regulation of many metabolic processes, inflammation, the activity of the immune system and the general state of the body. Diets enriched with fats and carbohydrates have been found to result in the decreased diversity and changes in gut microbiota composition, such as decreased levels of Bacteroidetes and increased Firmicutes. The accumulated data of clinical and experimental studies indicate a link between disorders in the composition and function of the intestinal microbiome (dysbiosis) and obesity, impaired glycemic control, and, consequently, the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes. These induced epigenetic modifications are regulated by metabolites produced by the gut microbiota, such as short-chain fatty acids (acetate, propionate, butyrate), cysteine, mercaptans, which can influence epigenetic processes through their effects on DNA methylation, acetylation and histone modification. Moreover, the direct effects of the microbial environment on the secretion of incretins by intestinal enteroendocrine cells play an important role. The review discusses some of the mechanisms of epigenetic modifications through which the microbiota influences the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

scholarly journals The vascular epigenome in patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes: opportunities for personalized therapies

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. H19-H28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Costantino ◽  
Shafeeq A Mohammed ◽  
Samuele Ambrosini ◽  
Francesco Paneni
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Vascular Function ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Vascular Dysfunction ◽  
Vascular Complications ◽  
Epigenetic Modifications ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes

Our genetic background provides limited information on individual risk of developing vascular complications overtime. New biological layers, namely epigenetic modifications, are now emerging as potent regulators of gene expression thus leading to altered transcriptional programs and vascular disease phenotypes. Such epigenetic modifications, defined as changes to the genome that do not involve changes in DNA sequence, are generally induced by environmental factors and poor lifestyle habits. Of note, adverse epigenetic signals acquired during life can be transmitted to the offspring thus leading to premature alterations of the epigenetic and transcriptional landscape eventually leading to early endothelial dysfunction and vascular senescence. Modifications of the epigenome play a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of cardiometabolic disturbances such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. In these patients, changes of DNA methylation and chromatin structure contribute to alter pathways regulating insulin sensitivity, glucose homeostasis, adipogenesis and vascular function. In this perspective, unveiling the ‘epigenetic landscape’ in cardiometabolic patients may help to identify new players implicated in obesity and diabetes-related vascular dysfunction and may pave the way for personalized therapies in this setting. In the present review, we discuss current knowledge of the epigenetic routes implicated in vascular damage and cardiovascular disease in patients with metabolic alterations.

Epigenetic Modifications Associated with the Pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 775-786 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tareq Hossan ◽  
Shoumik Kundu ◽  
Sayeda Sadia Alam ◽  
Sankari Nagarajan
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Epigenetic Modifications ◽  
Pancreatic Β Cell ◽  
Epigenetic Alterations ◽  
Β Cell ◽  
Β Cell Function

Background and Objective: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a multifactorial metabolic disorder. Pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance are the most common and crucial events of T2DM. Increasing evidence suggests the association of epigenetic modifications with the pathogenesis of T2DM through the changes in important biological processes including pancreatic β- cell differentiation, development and maintenance of normal β-cell function. Insulin sensitivity by the peripheral glucose uptake tissues is also changed by the altered epigenetic mechanisms. In this review, we discussed the major epigenetic alterations and their effects on β-cell function, insulin secretion and insulin resistance in context of T2DM. Methods: We investigated the presently available epigenetic modifications including DNA methylation, posttranslational histone modifications, ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling and non-coding RNAs related to the pathogenesis of T2DM. Published literatures on this topic were searched both on Google Scholar and Pubmed with related keywords and investigated for relevant information. Results: The epigenetic modifications introduce changes in gene expression which are essential for appropriate β-cell development and functions, insulin secretion and sensitivity resulting in the pathogenesis of T2DM. Interestingly, T2DM could also be a prominent reason for the mentioned epigenetic alterations. Conclusion: This review article emphasized on the epigenetic modifications associated with T2DM and discussed the consequences in deterioration of the disease condition.

The effect of exercise on epigenetic modifications of PGC1: The impact on type 2 diabetes

2014 ◽  
Vol 82 (6) ◽  
pp. 748-753 ◽  
Author(s):  
Júlia M. Santos ◽  
Shikha Tewari ◽  
Sandra A. Benite-Ribeiro
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Epigenetic Modifications ◽  
The Impact
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