Epidemiological Studies on Cognition and the Omega-6/Omega-3 Balance

2011 ◽  
pp. 92-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Féart ◽  
Pascale Barberger-Gateau
Keyword(s):  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Omega 6

scholarly journals Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: Impact on Health and Disease Status

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
Samina Akbar ◽  
Muhammad Zeeshan Bhatti ◽  
Rida Fatima Saeed ◽  
Asma Saleem Qazi
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Disease Status ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Lipid Lowering ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Omega 6 ◽  
Health And Disease

Over the last decades, the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been largely explored not only for their nutritional value but also for the numerous biological functions and therapeutic effects. The serum and erythrocyte levels of PUFAs depend on the genetic control of metabolism as well as the dietary intake and are considered to reflect the health and disease status of an individual. Two families of PUFAs, omega-3 (n-3) and omega-6 (n-6), have gained much attention because of their involvement in the production of bioactive lipid mediators and therefore, a balanced omega-6/omega-3 ratio is crucial in maintaining the overall health of an individual. Omega-3 PUFAs, notably eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) have been shown to exert beneficial effects, possibly due to their lipid-lowering, anti-inflammatory, anti-hypertensive and cardioprotective effects, whereas omega-6 fatty acids such as arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n-6) exhibit the opposite properties. Even though, numerous epidemiological studies and clinical interventions have clearly established the effectiveness of omega-3 PUFAs in various pathological conditions including dyslipidemia, obesity, diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, some controversies do exist about the beneficial effects of omega-3 PUFAs and need to be clarified. Larger clinical trials with extended follow-up periods are required along with a careful dose selection, in order to confirm the clinical significance and efficacy of omega-3 PUFAs as therapeutic agents.

scholarly journals Effects of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Their Metabolites on Haemostasis—Current Perspectives in Cardiovascular Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 2394
Author(s):  
Jacek Golanski ◽  
Patrycja Szymanska ◽  
Marcin Rozalski
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Blood Platelets ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Omega 6 ◽  
Supporting Tool ◽  
Higher Doses

The beneficial effects of long-chain polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids (omega-3 PUFAs) in cardioprotection are widely known and generally accepted. In this literature review, we have focused on the known and postulated mechanisms of action of omega-3 PUFAs and their metabolites on various components of the haemostatic system, in particular on blood platelets and endothelium. We have also made an attempt to provide a comprehensive review of epidemiological studies with particular regard to clinical trials. Notably, the results of these studies are contradictory, and some of them failed to report the beneficial effects of taking or supplementing omega-3 PUFAs in the diet. A potential explanation, in our opinion, could be the need to use higher doses of omega-3 PUFAs and a proper ratio of omega-3 and omega-6 PUFAs. An additional problem which is difficult to solve is the use of a proper neutral placebo for interventional studies. Despite some controversies regarding the beneficial effects of supplementation of omega-3 PUFAs in cardiovascular disease, our review suggests that a promising aspect of future studies and applications is to focus on the anti-thrombotic properties of these compounds. An argument supporting this assumption is the recent use of omega-3 PUFAs as a supporting tool for the treatment of COVID-19 complications.

scholarly journals Retina and Omega-3

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Querques ◽  
Raimondo Forte ◽  
Eric H. Souied
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Retinal Diseases ◽  
Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Omega 6 ◽  
Photoreceptor Membranes

Over the last decade, several epidemiological studies based on food frequency questionnaires suggest that omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids could have a protective role in reducing the onset and progression of retinal diseases. The retina has a high concentration of omega-3, particularly DHA, which optimizes fluidity of photoreceptor membranes, retinal integrity, and visual function. Furthermore, many studies demonstrated that DHA has a protective, for example antiapoptotic, role in the retina. From a nutritional point of view, it is known that western populations, particularly aged individuals, have a higher than optimal omega-6/omega-3 ratio and should enrich their diet with more fish consumption or have DHA supplementation. This paper underscores the potential beneficial effect of omega-3 fatty acids on retinal diseases.

scholarly journals The Mediterranean-style diet for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases

2006 ◽  
Vol 9 (1a) ◽  
pp. 118-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel de Lorgeril ◽  
Patricia Salen
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Mediterranean Diet ◽  
Cardiac Death ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Omega 6 ◽  
Traditional Mediterranean Diet

AbstractObjectivesTo discuss present knowledge about Mediterranean diet and cardiovascular diseases.DesignReview of existing literature.Setting and ResultsEpidemiological studies as well as randomised dietary trials suggest that Mediterranean diet may be important in relation to the pathogenesis (and prevention) of CHD. For instance, a striking protective effect of an ALA-rich Mediterranean diet was reported in the Lyon Diet Heart Study with a 50 to 70% reduction of the risk of recurrence after 4 years of follow-up in CHD patients. According to our current knowledge, dietary ALA should represent about 0.6 to 1% of total daily energy or about 2 g per day in patients following a Mediterranean diet, whereas the average intake in linoleic acid should not exceed 7 g per day. Supplementation with very-long-chain omega-3 fatty acids (about 1 g per day) in patients following a Mediterranean type of diet was shown to decrease the risk of cardiac death by 30% and of sudden cardiac death by 45% in the GISSI trial.ConclusionsIn the context of a diet rich in oleic acid, poor in saturated fats and low in omega-6 fatty acids (a dietary pattern characterising the traditional Mediterranean diet), even small doses of omega-3 fatty acids (about 1 g EPA + DHA the form of fish oil capsules or 2 g α-linolenic acid in canola oil and margarine) might be very protective. These data underline the importance of the accompanying diet in any dietary strategy using fatty acid complements.

scholarly journals Effects of Dietary n–3 and n–6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Inflammation and Cancerogenesis

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (13) ◽  
pp. 6965
Author(s):  
Kamila P. Liput ◽  
Adam Lepczyński ◽  
Magdalena Ogłuszka ◽  
Agata Nawrocka ◽  
Ewa Poławska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Metabolic Disturbances ◽  
Cancer Models ◽  
Omega 6 ◽  
3 Omega

The dietary recommendation encourages reducing saturated fatty acids (SFA) in diet and replacing them with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) n–3 (omega–3) and n–6 (omega–6) to decrease the risk of metabolic disturbances. Consequently, excessive n–6 PUFAs content and high n–6/n–3 ratio are found in Western-type diet. The importance of a dietary n–6/n–3 ratio to prevent chronic diseases is linked with anti-inflammatory functions of linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n–3) and longer-chain n–3 PUFAs. Thus, this review provides an overview of the role of oxylipins derived from n–3 PUFAs and oxylipins formed from n–6 PUFAs on inflammation. Evidence of PUFAs’ role in carcinogenesis was also discussed. In vitro studies, animal cancer models and epidemiological studies demonstrate that these two PUFA groups have different effects on the cell growth, proliferation and progression of neoplastic lesions.

scholarly journals Fish Lipids as a Valuable Source of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albena Merdzhanova ◽  
Ivaylo Ivanov ◽  
Diana A. Dobreva ◽  
Lyubomir Makedonski
Keyword(s):  
Fish Species ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Black Sea Coast ◽  
Oily Fish ◽  
Fish Lipids ◽  
Omega 6

Abstract This article presents information about omega-3 (h-3) and omega-6 (n-6) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) contents in a broad range of commercially important fish species available on Bulgarian fish markets. The aim is to raise consumers’ awareness and encourage them to eat fish. Fish species from the Black Sea coast have relatively high proportion of n-3 PUFAs, of which more than 80% is by EPf (eicosapentaenoic acid, C 20:5 n-3) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid, C 22:6 n-3). Extensive epidemiological studies show that fish consumption is inversely associated with the incidence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), stroke and the functioning of the brain. About 0.5 g of omega-3 (EPA+DHA) a day or two savings of oily fish a week are required to reduce the risk of death from CVD. PUFAs needs should be satisfied not only with food additives but with fish lipids containing food.

Diets and Risk of Cancer

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Protective Mechanisms ◽  
Omega 6 ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
The University ◽  
Risk Of Cancer ◽  
First Time ◽  
Secondary Bile Acids

A new study is providing further evidence about the potentially life-threatening danger of drinking soda on a daily basis. Large, long-running epidemiological studies have also concluded that there is indeed a link between the foods a person eats and his risk of colon cancer. During this process, the bacteria produce compounds such as secondary bile acids that have been shown to cause inflammation and cancer in lab studies. A study by the University of Aberdeen has found first time that a higher concentration of the molecules that breakdown omega-3 fatty acids is associated with a higher chance of survival from bowel cancer. Results showed that a higher proportion of omega-3 metabolising enzyme to omega-6 metabolising enzyme is associated with less spread of the tumor and a greater chance of survival for an individual patient. Cancer stem cells can be put into hibernation by a little-known drug diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) according to researchers from the University of Salford, UK. DPI effectively switches off the stem cancer cells, preventing their proliferation. It was showed that as the number of mutant KRAS copies increases, the tumor’s aggressiveness and ability to metastasize also increases. Disruption of endogenous protective mechanisms determines the evolution of cancer.

Teor e composição de lipídeos como ferramenta de gestão na nutrição de bovinos

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. e334974037
Author(s):  
Graciele Araújo de Oliveira Caetano ◽  
Angela Aparecida da Fonseca ◽  
Cibelle Borges Figueiredo
Keyword(s):  
Omega 3 ◽  
Ácido Linoleico Conjugado ◽  
Omega 6 ◽  
3 Omega

Um fator diferencial na produção de bovinos é a compreensão da contribuição individual dos ácidos graxos e do papel dos lipídeos nos ruminantes, tanto na forma de análise (ácido graxo ou extrato etéreo), conceitos relacionados às características de ômega 3, ômega 6 e ácido linoleico conjugado na bio-hidrogenação, no metabolismo pós-absorção, bem como no conteúdo e composição dos ácidos graxos em relação à matéria seca dos alimentos. Sabe-se que diversos fatores podem afetar o teor, digestibilidade e degradabilidade das fibras presente na forragem, e o mesmo ocorre com os lipídeos. As diferenças entre os valores dos compostos presentes nos lipídeos podem ocorrer dependendo do ambiente, região do país ou fase de colheita e por isso, torna-se importante obter a análise da composição de ácidos graxos dos alimentos lipídicos, para que dessa maneira seja possível otimizar a utilização deste nutriente na dieta de animais ruminantes. Sendo assim, a proposta dessa revisão será trazer a discussão sobre o tema e abordar um entendimento sobre o conteúdo e composição de ácidos graxos dos ingredientes que compõem a dieta dos animais ruminantes, com ênfase na influência exercida no desempenho produtivo, imunonutrição, e no produto final (carne ou leite).

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