scholarly journals Experimental Infection of Goats with Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus and the Possibilities to Prevent Virus Transmission by Raw Goat Milk

Intervirology ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 194-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zsuzsanna Balogh ◽  
László Egyed ◽  
Emőke Ferenczi ◽  
Enikő Bán ◽  
Katalin N. Szomor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Infection ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Goat Milk ◽  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis Virus

scholarly journals Experimental infection of lambs with tick-borne encephalitis virus and co-infection with Anaplasma phagocytophilum

PLoS ONE ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. e0226836 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katrine M. Paulsen ◽  
Erik G. Granquist ◽  
Wenche Okstad ◽  
Rose Vikse ◽  
Karin Stiasny ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Infection ◽  
Anaplasma Phagocytophilum ◽  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis Virus

scholarly journals Importance of Localized Skin Infection in Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Transmission

Virology ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 219 (2) ◽  
pp. 357-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
MILAN LABUDA ◽  
JONATHAN M. AUSTYN ◽  
EVA ZUFFOVA ◽  
OTO KOZUCH ◽  
NORBERT FUCHSBERGER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skin Infection ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis Virus

scholarly journals Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Transmission between Ticks Cofeeding on Specific Immune Natural Rodent Hosts

Virology ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 235 (1) ◽  
pp. 138-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milan Labuda ◽  
Oto Kozuch ◽  
Eva Zuffová ◽  
Elena Elecková ◽  
Rosie S. Hails ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis Virus

scholarly journals Exploring the Reservoir Hosts of Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 669 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Michelitsch ◽  
Kerstin Wernike ◽  
Christine Klaus ◽  
Gerhard Dobler ◽  
Martin Beer
Keyword(s):  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Reservoir Host ◽  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Transmission Cycle ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Natural Foci ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Reservoir Hosts

Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is an important arbovirus, which is found across large parts of Eurasia and is considered to be a major health risk for humans. Like any other arbovirus, TBEV relies on complex interactions between vectors, reservoir hosts, and the environment for successful virus circulation. Hard ticks are the vectors for TBEV, transmitting the virus to a variety of animals. The importance of these animals in the lifecycle of TBEV is still up for debate. Large woodland animals seem to have a positive influence on virus circulation by providing a food source for adult ticks; birds are suspected to play a role in virus distribution. Bank voles and yellow-necked mice are often referred to as classical virus reservoirs, but this statement lacks strong evidence supporting their highlighted role. Other small mammals (e.g., insectivores) may also play a crucial role in virus transmission, not to mention the absence of any suspected reservoir host for non-European endemic regions. Theories highlighting the importance of the co-feeding transmission route go as far as naming ticks themselves as the true reservoir for TBEV, and mammalian hosts as a mere bridge for transmission. A deeper insight into the virus reservoir could lead to a better understanding of the development of endemic regions. The spatial distribution of TBEV is constricted to certain areas, forming natural foci that can be restricted to sizes of merely 500 square meters. The limiting factors for their occurrence are largely unknown, but a possible influence of reservoir hosts on the distribution pattern of TBE is discussed. This review aims to give an overview of the multiple factors influencing the TBEV transmission cycle, focusing on the role of virus reservoirs, and highlights the questions that are waiting to be further explored.

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