The Modified Graham Behavior Test for Neonates: Test-Retest Reliability, Normative Data, and Hypotheses for Future Work

Neonatology ◽  
1961 ◽  
Vol 3 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 174-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judy Rosenblith
Keyword(s):  
Normative Data ◽  
Retest Reliability ◽  
Test Retest Reliability ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Behavior Test

scholarly journals Normative Data and Reliability of the Moving Shapes Paradigm

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zahra Shahrivar ◽  
Mehdi Tehrani-Doost ◽  
Anahita Khorrami Banaraki ◽  
Azar Mohammadzadeh
Keyword(s):  
Normative Data ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Rater Agreement ◽  
Retest Reliability ◽  
Random Cluster ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Reliable Instrument ◽  
Test Retest Reliability

Objective: Moving Shapes paradigm is a test that evaluates intentionality as a theory of mind (ToM) component. This study aimed to assess the normative data and reliability of this test in a community sample of 9-11-year-old children. Method: A total of 398 children aged between 9 and 11 years were recruited from mainstream elementary schools through a random cluster sampling. All participants were evaluated using the Moving Shapes paradigm. To evaluate test-retest reliability, the test was administered again after 2-4 weeks. Results: The intentionality mean score was 29.70 (+5.88) out of 60. There was no significant difference between girls and boys in test scores. Age was not significantly related to the paradigm variables scores. Ten percent of the participants achieved the scores below 22, and 10% above 37. Cronbach’s Alfa was 0.40 for the intentionality score. The test-retest reliability was fair to good (0.43 - 0.79) for different groups of animations. The inter-rater agreement was 80%. Conclusion: The study found that the Moving shapes paradigm is a reliable instrument to evaluate intentionality in normal school-aged children.

scholarly journals A-03 SCAT5 Cognitive Screening Normative Data and Reliable Change Indices

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 599-599
Author(s):  
C Bailey ◽  
J Meyer ◽  
C Tangen ◽  
R Deane ◽  
S Briskin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Normative Data ◽  
Recall Score ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Cognitive Screening ◽  
Delayed Recall ◽  
Retest Reliability ◽  
Cut Points ◽  
Immediate Recall ◽  
Low Performance ◽  
Test Retest Reliability

Abstract Objective This study provides normative data on the SCAT5 Cognitive Screening, establishes test-retest reliability, and creates clinically relevant cut points for low performance. Method The multisport baseline sample was composed of 727 uninjured college athletes (52% female) at a Division I university who were administered the SCAT5 before the 2017–2018 season. Descriptive statistics, including base rates of low performance, were calculated for SCAT5 indices. Repeat baseline testing was completed by 325 athletes (48% female) at 1 year (days M = 352.56;SD = 56.03) who were included in the test-retest reliability and practice effect analyses. Reliable change indices were calculated. Results Descriptive statistics for SCAT5 were computed for both baselines (Baseline 1: SAC total M = 35.15,SD = 4.93; immediate recall total M = 20.01,SD = 3.46; delayed recall total M = 6.43,SD = 1.75). A difference in descriptive statistics and practice effects by sex on the SCAT5 Cognitive Screening has been demonstrated (Bailey, Meyer, Tangen et al., under review). For female athletes, the 1st administration cutoff scores for abnormal performance (<10th%ile) included SAC total score = 33, immediate recall score = 18, and delayed recall score = 6. For male athletes, the 1st administration cutoff scores for abnormal performance (<10th%ile) included SAC total score = 30, immediate recall score = 17, and delayed recall score = 5. Test-retest reliability of the SAC was similar to previous versions but varied by sex. Reliable change indices (RCI) were created with cut points for significant change. Conclusions The present study provides clinically relevant normative data for the SCAT5 Cognitive Screening. Cut points for low performance on both reliable chance indices (RCIs) and normative performance reflected meaningful sex differences that could influence clinical interpretation.

Acoustic Stapedial Reflexes in Healthy Neonates: Normative Data and Test-Retest Reliability

2012 ◽  
Vol 23 (01) ◽  
pp. 046-056 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Kei
Keyword(s):  
Normative Data ◽  
Otoacoustic Emission ◽  
Broadband Noise ◽  
Retest Reliability ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Transient Evoked Otoacoustic Emission ◽  
Brainstem Response ◽  
Stapedial Reflex ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Test Retest Reliability

Background: The acoustic stapedial reflex (ASR) test provides useful information about the function of the auditory system. While it is frequently used with adults and children in a clinical setting, its use with young infants is limited. Presently, there are few data for neonates and inadequate research into the test-retest reliability of the ASR test. Purpose: This study aimed to establish normative data and evaluate the test-retest reliability of the ASR test in healthy neonates. Research Design: A cross-sectional experimental design was used to establish ASR normative data and assess the test-retest reliability of ASR thresholds obtained from healthy neonates. Study Sample: Sixty-eight full-term neonates with mean chronological age of 2.5 days (SD = 1.8 day), who passed the automated auditory brainstem response, transient evoked otoacoustic emission, and high frequency (1 kHz) tympanometry (HFT) tests. Data Collection and Analysis: One randomly selected ear from each neonate was tested using TEOAE (transient evoked otoacoustic emission), HFT, and ASR tests using a 1 kHz probe tone. ASR thresholds were elicited by presenting pure tones of 0.5, 2, and 4 kHz and broadband noise (BBN) separately to the test ear in an ipsilateral stimulation mode. The ASR procedure was repeated to acquire retest data within the same testing session. Descriptive statistics, χ2, and analysis of variance with repeated measures tests were used to analyze ASR data. Results: All neonates exhibited ASR when stimulated by tonal stimuli or BBN. The mean ASRTs (acoustic stapedial reflex thresholds) for the 0.5, 2, and 4 kHz tones were 81.6 ± 7.9, 71.3 ± 7.9, and 65.4 ± 8.7 dB HL, respectively. The mean ASRT for the BBN was estimated to be smaller than 57.2 dB HL, given the limitation of the equipment. The 95th percentiles of the ASRT were 95, 85, 80, and 75 dB HL for the 0.5, 2, and 4 kHz and BBN, respectively. The test-retest reliability of the ASR test for all stimuli was high, with no significant difference in mean ASRTs across the test and retest conditions. Test-retest differences were within 10 dB for more than 91% of ASRT data across all stimuli. There was a slight trend of ASRTs being more repeatable in the medium ASRT range than in the higher or lower range. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that ASRTs obtained from healthy neonates were highly repeatable across test and retest sessions. Given the availability of normative data and the high test-retest reliability, the ASR test will be useful as a diagnostic tool in a battery of tests to evaluate the auditory function of neonates.

Suinn Test Anxiety Behavior Scale: Normative Data for Graduate Students in Education

1982 ◽  
Vol 50 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1116-1118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Earl J. Ginter ◽  
Joseph J. Scalise ◽  
Richard R. McKnight ◽  
Francis G. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Graduate Students ◽  
Test Anxiety ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Normative Data ◽  
Retest Reliability ◽  
Anxiety Test ◽  
Anxiety Behavior ◽  
Behavior Scale ◽  
Standard Deviations ◽  
Test Retest Reliability

The Suinn Test Anxiety Behavior Scale was administered to both graduate and undergraduate students to reassess earlier findings (Suinn, 1969). The primary purpose of this study was to provide normative data for graduate students ( N = 153). Such information does not appear in Suinn's 1969 article. Means, standard deviations, and percentiles are reported for each sex, as well as for the total graduate sample. Females reported significantly higher test anxiety. Test-retest reliability over a 6-wk. interval was .73. In general, the findings for the graduate students were similar to Suinn's findings for undergraduates.

A Preliminary Validation of the Telic and Paratelic Dominance Scales with Japanese Respondents

2000 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 23-32
Author(s):  
John H. Kerr ◽  
Mary M. Gerkovich ◽  
Mary R. Cook
Keyword(s):  
Factor Structure ◽  
Retest Reliability ◽  
Structure Reliability ◽  
Preliminary Validation ◽  
International Comparative Research ◽  
Scale Scores ◽  
International Comparative ◽  
Test Retest Reliability ◽  
Future Work ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThe purpose of the present study was to extend international comparative research on the Telic and Paratelic Dominance Scales (TDS & PDS) to include data from 560 Japanese individuals. Statistical analyses to check the factor structure, reliability and relationship between Japanese scores on the two scales were carried out. In addition, test-retest reliability was also examined. The results indicated stronger support for the factor structure of the PDS than the TDS. Coefficient alpha statistics produced weaker alpha values for the TDS than the PDS and the relationship between Japanese scale scores were significant and in the expected direction. Test-retest reliability was found to be strong for both scales. Based on the present results, future work on the development of an international scale of telic-paratelic dominance should focus on the PDS, rather than the TDS.

The North American Listening in Spatialized Noise—Sentences Test (NA LiSN-S): Normative Data and Test-Retest Reliability Studies for Adolescents and Young Adults

2010 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 629-641 ◽  
Author(s):  
David K. Brown ◽  
Sharon Cameron ◽  
Jeffrey S. Martin ◽  
Charlene Watson ◽  
Harvey Dillon
Keyword(s):  
Performance Measures ◽  
North American ◽  
Auditory Processing ◽  
Normative Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Stream Segregation ◽  
Initial Assessment ◽  
Central Auditory Processing ◽  
Retest Reliability ◽  
Test Retest Reliability

Background: The Listening in Spatialized Noise—Sentences test (LiSN-S; Cameron and Dillon, 2009) was originally developed to assess auditory stream segregation skills in children aged 6 to 11 yr with suspected central auditory processing disorder. The LiSN-S creates a three-dimensional auditory environment under headphones. A simple repetition-response protocol is used to assess a listener's speech reception threshold (SRT) for target sentences presented in competing speech maskers. Performance is measured as the improvement in SRT in dB gained when either pitch, spatial, or both pitch and spatial cues are incorporated in the maskers. A North American-accented version of the LiSN-S (NA LiSN-S) is available for use in the United States and Canada. Purpose: To develop normative data for adolescents and adults on the NA LiSN-S, to compare these data with those of children aged 6 to 11 yr as documented in Cameron et al (2009), and to consolidate the child, adolescent, and adult normative and retest data to allow the software to be used with a wider population. Research Design: In a descriptive design, normative data and test-retest reliability data were collected. Study Sample: One hundred and twenty normally hearing participants took part in the normative data study (67 adolescents aged 12 yr, 1 mo, to 17 yr, 10 mo, and 53 adults aged 19 yr, 10 mo, to 30 yr, 30 mo). Forty-nine participants returned between 1 and 4 mo after the initial assessment for retesting. Participants were recruited from sites in Cincinnati, Dallas, and Calgary. Results: When combined with data collected from children aged 6 to 11 yr, a trend of improved performance as a function of increasing age was found across performance measures. ANOVA (analysis of variance) revealed a significant effect of age on performance. Planned contrasts revealed that there were no significant differences between adults and children aged 13 yr and older on the low-cue SRT; 14 yr and older on talker and spatial advantage; 15 yr and older on total advantage; and 16 yr and older on the high-cue SRT. Mean test-retest differences on the various NA LiSN-S performance measures for the combined child, adult, and adolescent data ranged from 0.05 to 0.5 dB. Paired comparisons revealed test-retest differences were not significant on any measure of the NA LiSN-S except low-cue SRT. Test-retest differences across measures did not differ as a function of age. Test and retest scores were significantly correlated for all NA LiSN-S measures. Conclusions: The ability to use either spatial or talker cues in isolation becomes adultlike by about 14 yr of age, whereas the ability to combine spatial and talker cues does not fully mature until closer to adulthood. By consolidating child, adolescent, and adult normative and retest data the NA LiSN-S can now been utilized to assess auditory processing skills in a wider population.

The Phoneme Identification Test for Assessment of Spectral and Temporal Discrimination Skills in Children: Development, Normative Data, and Test–Retest Reliability Studies

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (02) ◽  
pp. 135-150
Author(s):  
Sharon Cameron ◽  
Nicky Chong-White ◽  
Kiri Mealings ◽  
Tim Beechey ◽  
Harvey Dillon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Normative Data ◽  
Skewed Distribution ◽  
Primary School Children ◽  
Individual Data ◽  
Retest Reliability ◽  
Identification Test ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
Test Retest Reliability ◽  
Effect Of Age ◽  
Phoneme Identification

AbstractPrevious research suggests that a proportion of children experiencing reading and listening difficulties may have an underlying primary deficit in the way that the central auditory nervous system analyses the perceptually important, rapidly varying, formant frequency components of speech.The Phoneme Identification Test (PIT) was developed to investigate the ability of children to use spectro-temporal cues to perceptually categorize speech sounds based on their rapidly changing formant frequencies. The PIT uses an adaptive two-alternative forced-choice procedure whereby the participant identifies a synthesized consonant-vowel (CV) (/ba/ or /da/) syllable. CV syllables differed only in the second formant (F2) frequency along an 11-step continuum (between 0% and 100%—representing an ideal /ba/ and /da/, respectively). The CV syllables were presented in either quiet (PIT Q) or noise at a 0 dB signal-to-noise ratio (PIT N).Development of the PIT stimuli and test protocols, and collection of normative and test–retest reliability data.Twelve adults (aged 23 yr 10 mo to 50 yr 9 mo, mean 32 yr 5 mo) and 137 typically developing, primary-school children (aged 6 yr 0 mo to 12 yr 4 mo, mean 9 yr 3 mo). There were 73 males and 76 females.Data were collected using a touchscreen computer. Psychometric functions were automatically fit to individual data by the PIT software. Performance was determined by the width of the continuum for which responses were neither clearly /ba/ nor /da/ (referred to as the uncertainty region [UR]). A shallower psychometric function slope reflected greater uncertainty. Age effects were determined based on raw scores. Z scores were calculated to account for the effect of age on performance. Outliers, and individual data for which the confidence interval of the UR exceeded a maximum allowable value, were removed. Nonparametric tests were used as the data were skewed toward negative performance.Across participants, the median value of the F2 range that resulted in uncertain responses was 33% in quiet and 40% in noise. There was a significant effect of age on the width of this UR (p < 0.00001) in both quiet and noise, with performance becoming adult like by age 9 on the PIT Q and age 10 on the PIT N. A skewed distribution toward negative performance occurred in both quiet (p = 0.01) and noise (p = 0.006). Median UR scores were significantly wider in noise than in quiet (T = 2041, p < 0.0000001). Performance (z scores) across the two tests was significantly correlated (r = 0.36, p = 0.000009). Test–retest z scores were significantly correlated in both quiet and noise (r = 0.4 and 0.37, respectively, p < 0.0001).The PIT normative data show that the ability to identify phonemes based on changes in formant transitions improves with age, and that some children in the general population have performance much worse than their age peers. In children, uncertainty increases when the stimuli are presented in noise. The test is suitable for use in planned studies in a clinical population.

scholarly journals Normative data of a smartphone app–based 6-minute walking test, test-retest reliability, and content validity with patient-reported outcome measures

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 480-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lazar Tosic ◽  
Elior Goldberger ◽  
Nicolai Maldaner ◽  
Marketa Sosnova ◽  
Anna M. Zeitlberger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Content Validity ◽  
Normative Data ◽  
Patient Reported Outcome Measures ◽  
Patient Reported Outcome ◽  
Walking Distance ◽  
Walking Test ◽  
Retest Reliability ◽  
Patient Reported ◽  
Test Retest Reliability

OBJECTIVEThe 6-minute walking test (6WT) is used to determine restrictions in a subject’s 6-minute walking distance (6WD) due to lumbar degenerative disc disease. To facilitate simple and convenient patient self-measurement, a free and reliable smartphone app using Global Positioning System coordinates was previously designed. The authors aimed to determine normative values for app-based 6WD measurements.METHODSThe maximum 6WD was determined three times using app-based measurement in a sample of 330 volunteers without previous spine surgery or current spine-related disability, recruited at 8 centers in 5 countries (mean subject age 44.2 years, range 16–91 years; 48.5% male; mean BMI 24.6 kg/m2, range 16.3–40.2 kg/m2; 67.9% working; 14.2% smokers). Subjects provided basic demographic information, including comorbidities and patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs): visual analog scale (VAS) for both low-back and lower-extremity pain, Core Outcome Measures Index (COMI), Zurich Claudication Questionnaire (ZCQ), and subjective walking distance and duration. The authors determined the test-retest reliability across three measurements (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC], standard error of measurement [SEM], and mean 6WD [95% CI]) stratified for age and sex, and content validity (linear regression coefficients) between 6WD and PROMs.RESULTSThe ICC for repeated app-based 6WD measurements was 0.89 (95% CI 0.87–0.91, p < 0.001) and the SEM was 34 meters. The overall mean 6WD was 585.9 meters (95% CI 574.7–597.0 meters), with significant differences across age categories (p < 0.001). The 6WD was on average about 32 meters less in females (570.5 vs 602.2 meters, p = 0.005). There were linear correlations between average 6WD and VAS back pain, VAS leg pain, COMI Back and COMI subscores of pain intensity and disability, ZCQ symptom severity, ZCQ physical function, and ZCQ pain and neuroischemic symptoms subscores, as well as with subjective walking distance and duration, indicating that subjects with higher pain, higher disability, and lower subjective walking capacity had significantly lower 6WD (all p < 0.001).CONCLUSIONSThis study provides normative data for app-based 6WD measurements in a multicenter sample from 8 institutions and 5 countries. These values can now be used as reference to compare 6WT results and quantify objective functional impairment in patients with degenerative diseases of the spine using z-scores. The authors found a good to excellent test-retest reliability of the 6WT app, a low area of uncertainty, and high content validity of the average 6WD with commonly used PROMs.

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