Studies on the Localization of Hapten in Guinea Pigs Fed Picryl Chloride

1972 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.S. Silverman ◽  
J.R. Pomeranz
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Picryl Chloride

Concluding remarks

1956 ◽  
Vol 146 (922) ◽  
pp. 90-92 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Current Trend ◽  
Distinct Type ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Immunological Tolerance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Immunological Reaction ◽  
Picryl Chloride ◽  
Purified Antigen ◽  
Circulating Antibody

In many ways immunological tolerance is an ideal subject for discussion at the present time. Experimental work has gone far enough to allow us to claim that the principle of immunological tolerance is soundly established and that we can see more or less clearly some of its implications. But obviously very much remains to be learnt of the part played by tolerance in the various fields that have been discussed. It is by no means certain that we are dealing with a single topic when we compare tolerance to homografts with inhibition of antibody production against soluble protein in a rabbit. Such a situation provides much for discussion but does not make it easy to condense or interpret that discussion. One might begin by reiterating that immunology is concerned with much more than the production and properties of typical circulating antibody. There are at least four different types of immunological reaction and there are hints of many minor differences within the main types. Pappenheimer’s recent work on the variety of responses given by a single species, man, to a single purified antigen, diphtheria toxoid, offers a characteristic example of the current trend. Chase’s experiments on the response of guinea pigs to simple allergens like picryl chloride, have been only incidentally mentioned in today’s discussion, but their importance is obvious. A form of tolerance very similar to that produced by prenatal treatment of mice can be produced by administering the allergen to adult guinea-pigs by mouth. The animals are resistant to sensitization by skin treatment and the inhibition is general and unrelated to any persistence of allergen in the body. The question immediately arises whether all forms of tolerance are basically similar or whether for each of the qualitatively distinct types of positive immunological reaction, a correspondingly distinct type of inhibition or tolerance must be sought.

scholarly journals IMMUNOLOGICAL UNRESPONSIVENESS TO SENSITIZATION WITH SIMPLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS

1963 ◽  
Vol 118 (6) ◽  
pp. 1021-1035 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack R. Battisto ◽  
Merrill W. Chase
Keyword(s):  
Specific Antibody ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Delayed Type Hypersensitivity ◽  
Simple Chemical ◽  
Picryl Chloride

Guinea pigs fed picryl chloride to induce specific immunologic unresponsiveness cleared small amounts of venously infused antipicryl antibody at a rate equal to that of normal guinea pigs. Catabolism of passively administered picryl-specific antibody did not alter the unresponsive state of picryl chloride-fed guinea pigs or the responsive state of normal guinea pigs. Lymphoid cells of picryl chloride immunized guinea pigs produced equal amounts of picryl-specific antibody in picryl chloride-fed and normal animals. Allergen-fed guinea pigs remained unresponsive to attempted sensitization with the allergen in excess of 10 months after the final feeding, though some became feebly sensitive between 9 and 11 months. Second attempts to make unresponsive animals hypersensitive were unsuccessful. White blood cells of guinea pigs unresponsive to picryl chloride were unable to transfer delayed-type hypersensitivity for picryl chloride to normal recipients yet readily transferred tuberculin hypersensitivity.

scholarly journals CONCOMITANT ANAPHYLACTIC SENSITIZATION AND CONTACT UNRESPONSIVENESS FOLLOWING THE INFUSION OR FEEDING OF PICRYL CHLORIDE TO GUINEA PIGS

1966 ◽  
Vol 124 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerome R. Pomeranz ◽  
Philip S. Norman
Keyword(s):  
Large Dose ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Contact Hypersensitivity ◽  
Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis ◽  
Picryl Chloride ◽  
Circulating Antibody

Guinea pigs receiving one large dose of picryl chloride by the intravenous or oral routes commonly develop circulating antibody demonstrable by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis or by active anaphylaxis. They often concommittantly become unresponsive to the induction of delayed contact hypersensitivity by intracutaneous injections. Erythrocytes obtained from guinea pigs after infusion or feeding of picryl chloride may be used to sensitize other animals when injected with adjuvant. It is concluded that guinea pigs may be anaphylactically sensitized to simple chemicals by the intravenous and oral routes if a sufficient dose is administered.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON THE SENSITIZATION OF ANIMALS WITH SIMPLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS

1937 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Landsteiner ◽  
M. W. Chase
Keyword(s):  
Contact Dermatitis ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Protein Conjugates ◽  
Chemical Constitution ◽  
Simple Chemical ◽  
Picryl Chloride ◽  
Cutaneous Administration

It has been shown that by the cutaneous administration of simple chemical compounds in small quantities—2:4:6 trinitrochlorobenzene (picryl chloride) and 2:4 dinitrochlorobenzene, the latter a typical incitant of contact dermatitis in man—it is possible to induce true anaphylactic sensitization in guinea pigs, demonstrable by the intravenous injection of protein conjugates and by the Dale technique, using isolated uterine horns. This furnishes strong evidence for the formation of antigenic conjugates following application of substances of simple chemical constitution. Since the anaphylactic state is induced by the same method of administration that gives rise to cutaneous sensitivity, the assumption would appear justified, when one takes into account the chemical properties of the inciting substances, that the formation of conjugated antigens offers an explanation for the skin effects also. In the experiments with picryl chloride, anaphylactic antibodies, and occasionally precipitins, have been demonstrated. The differences between the cutaneous and anaphylactic types of sensitivity are discussed.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON THE SENSITIZATION OF ANIMALS WITH SIMPLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS

1941 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 431-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Landsteiner ◽  
M. W. Chase
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Intraperitoneal Injection ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Skin Sensitization ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Contact Type ◽  
Simple Chemical ◽  
Picryl Chloride ◽  
Typical Skin

Experiments with guinea pigs are described which show that under special experimental conditions the intraperitoneal injection of conjugates made with homologous erythrocyte stromata leads to typical skin sensitization of the contact type towards the respective simple chemicals, namely picryl chloride or 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene. Therefore such sensitivity can be brought about not only by low molecular chemical compounds but by a material which must be regarded as a typical antigen.

scholarly journals THE RÔLE OF THE "WAX" OF THE TUBERCLE BACILLUS IN ESTABLISHING DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY

1949 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sidney Raffel ◽  
Louis E. Arnaud ◽  
C. Dean Dukes ◽  
Jwo S. Huang
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Delayed Hypersensitivity ◽  
Tubercle Bacillus ◽  
Adjuvant Activity ◽  
Oil Emulsion ◽  
Similar Activity ◽  
Egg Albumin ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Picryl Chloride ◽  
Water In Oil Emulsion

Guinea pigs sensitized with egg albumin along with the purified wax fraction of the human tubercle bacillus respond with delayed hypersensitive reactivity to the protein antigen. Previous publications have reported a similar activity of the wax with respect to tuberculoprotein and picryl chloride. The effect is not referable to an ordinary adjuvant activity of the bacillary wax, since antibody titers are not increased in animals which receive it, and since a known adjuvant, water-in-oil emulsion, has no effect with respect to the induction of delayed hypersensitivity. This report further extends the rôle of the tubercle bacillary wax in the induction of delayed hypersensitive states.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON THE SENSITIZATION OF ANIMALS WITH SIMPLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS

1935 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 643-656 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Landsteiner ◽  
John Jacobs
Keyword(s):  
Aromatic Compounds ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Factory Workers ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Simple Chemical ◽  
Picryl Chloride

Experiments on the sensitization of guinea pigs with simple chemical compounds are described. Positive effects were obtained by the administration of small quantities, namely fractions of milligrams, with 1:2:4 chlorodinitrobenzene, p-nitrosodimethylaniline, 1:2:4 trinitrobenzene, picryl chloride, four dichlorodinitrobenzenes, and a number of other aromatic compounds. Several substances chemically similar to those enumerated gave negative results. The first named compound is known to produce hypersensitiveness in human beings, a large number of cases having been observed in factory workers. The mechanism of these effects is discussed.

scholarly journals INDUCED UNRESPONSIVENESS TO SIMPLE ALLERGENIC CHEMICALS

1965 ◽  
Vol 121 (4) ◽  
pp. 591-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack R. Battisto ◽  
Merrill W. Chase
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Specific Antibody ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Intradermal Injection ◽  
Contact Hypersensitivity ◽  
Delayed Type Hypersensitivity ◽  
Contact Type ◽  
Specific Contact ◽  
Picryl Chloride

Normal guinea pigs fed chemical haptens develop a specific state of unresponsiveness, inhibiting subsequent development of dermal sensitization with the same hapten and modifying profoundly the synthesis of anaphylactic antibody in response to hapten conjugated to guinea pig proteins. The degree of unresponsiveness has been tested by exposing hapten-fed animals to intense haptenic stimulation. Animals of groups that were demonstrably unresponsive to picryl chloride could be made to form hapten-specific antibody by injecting picrylated bovine gamma globulin. Specific anaphylactic-type antibodies, presumably 7S γ1, were synthesized, and in animals given PBGG adsorbed to alumina there arose a measurable concentration of precipitating antibody, presumably 7S γ2, perhaps slightly earlier than in similarly treated control animals. Attempts to impose contact-type reactivity on such unresponsive animals met with limited success. Injection of picrylated guinea pig erythrocyte stromata in a complete Freund's adjuvant, with subsequent applications of picryl chloride to the dermis, led to definite contact sensitivity to 0.3 per cent picryl chloride, whereas parallel treatment of normal control animals induced sensitivity to 0.006 or 0.002 per cent. By this double method of stimulation, hapten-fed animals did not advance in sensitivity by reason of the secondary dermal applications of the simple chemical, whereas control animals developed increasingly higher sensitivity by these contacts in what appeared to be a stepwise manner. Picryl chloride-fed guinea pigs injected intradermally with picryl chloride either after or before forming picryl-specific circulating antibody still remained unable to develop picryl-specific contact hypersensitivity. Control animals synthesizing picryl-specific antibody subsequently responded to intradermal injection of picryl chloride with contact-type sensitivity. Interpretations of these results are discussed and the view is presented that delayed-type hypersensitivity and circulating antibodies of the varieties measured here are formed independently of each other.

scholarly journals CUTANEOUS BASOPHIL HYPERSENSITIVITY IN CONTACT-SENSITIZED GUINEA PIGS

1973 ◽  
Vol 138 (5) ◽  
pp. 1144-1155 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. W. Askenase
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Experimental System ◽  
Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin ◽  
Immune Serum ◽  
Paraffin Sections ◽  
Histological Techniques ◽  
Specific Accumulation ◽  
Picryl Chloride ◽  
Delayed Time

Cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity, an immune inflammatory reaction characterized by infiltrates of basophils and a delayed time-course, was studied in guinea pigs contact sensitized with oxazolone. Routine histological techniques, employing ordinary paraffin sections, were modified to study this reaction. When biopsies of contact lesions were processed by these methods dense infiltrates of basophils could be demonstrated. Animals sensitized with complete Freund's adjuvant emulsified with oxazolone-keyhole limpet hemocyanin conjugates also developed delayed-in-time responses to contact challenge with oxazolone but not to picryl chloride. These hapten-specific delayed-in-time reactions also contained substantial numbers of basophils. Transfer of serum from actively sensitized guinea pigs resulted in specific accumulation of basophils at challenge sites of recipients. Thus, in this experimental system, cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity was found to be a hapten-specific delayed-in-time reaction that could be transferred with immune serum.

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