Anaphylactic Resensitisation in Relation to Circulating Antibody Levels in the Guinea Pig

1968 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 470-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Hicks ◽  
D.T. Okpako
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
Circulating Antibody

scholarly journals SPECIFIC IMMUNE RESPONSE GENES OF THE GUINEA PIG

1971 ◽  
Vol 134 (2) ◽  
pp. 458-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harry G. Bluestein ◽  
Ira Green ◽  
Baruj Benacerraf
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Inbred Strain ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Delayed Hypersensitivity ◽  
Random Copolymers ◽  
F1 Hybrids ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
Dominant Genes ◽  
Circulating Antibody

The immunogenicity of three random copolymers of amino acids with L-glutamic acid and L-alanine (GA), L-glutamic acid and L-tyrosine (GT), or L-glutamic acid, L-alanine, and L-tyrosine (GAT), administered in complete Freund's adjuvant, was studied in several inbred and random-bred guinea pig strains. The animals were tested for delayed sensitivity and their sera were assayed for the presence of antibody directed against the immunizing polymer. All of the guinea pigs developing delayed hypersensitivity also had significant antibody levels in their sera. Inbred strain 2 guinea pigs responded to immunization with GA, but failed to form detectable responses to GT. Inbred strain 13 animals, on the other hand, responded to GT, but not to GA. The (2 x 13)F1 hybrids responded to both GA and GT with both delayed hypersensitivity and circulating antibody. Thus, the ability of these inbred guinea pigs to respond immunologically to GA or GT is controlled by distinct autosomal dominant genes. A variable percentage of random-bred guinea pigs, depending on their source as well as their strain, responded to immunization with GA and with GT. All guinea pigs, both inbred and random bred, responded to immunization with GAT. The ability to respond immunologically to GAT, therefore, does not seem to be under simple genetic control. However, the levels of anti-GAT antibody found in the sera of animals lacking the ability to respond to GA were much lower than those detected in GA responder animals.

scholarly journals OCCURRENCE OF DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY DURING THE DEVELOPMENT OF ARTHUS TYPE HYPERSENSITIVITY

1958 ◽  
Vol 107 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. B. Salvin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Node ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Latent Period ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Egg Albumin ◽  
Lymph Node Cells ◽  
Type Inclusion ◽  
Antibody Determination ◽  
Circulating Antibody

Guinea pigs were injected in the footpads with either purified diphtheria toxoid or recrystallized egg albumin in Freund adjuvant without mycobacteria. Each guinea pig was then skin-tested only once with the specific antigen and bled for antibody determination. After injection of the sensitizing antigen, a latent period occurred during which neither sensitivity nor circulating antibody could be detected. A period of delayed sensitivity followed wherein circulating antibody could not be discerned and which could be transferred by lymph node cells. Ultimately, the Arthus type sensitivity developed, accompanied by circulating antibody. The duration and severity of reactions to homologous antigens during the last 2 phases varied with the antigen and with the dose. An increase in the sensitizing dose decreased the duration of the delayed type of allergy, a decrease in the dose prolonged the delayed type. Inclusion of mycobacterium in the sensitizing inoculum tended to introduce delayed sensitivity earlier and delay the onset of Arthus type sensitivity. When specific precipitate in antibody excess was included with the toxoid in the sensitizing dose, the onset of the Arthus phase was hastened. When lymph nodes from a large number of sensitized donors were removed during the latter part of the latent period, recipients of the cells showed a delayed type sensitivity.

scholarly journals THE COURSE OF EXPERIMENTAL AUTOALLERGIC THYROIDITIS IN INBRED GUINEA PIGS

1964 ◽  
Vol 119 (2) ◽  
pp. 327-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edwin M. Lerner ◽  
Philip R. B. McMaster ◽  
Eurmal D. Exum
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Thyroid Antigen ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Extent Of Disease ◽  
Experimental Allergic ◽  
Circulating Antibody

Experimental allergic thyroiditis produced in strain 13 histocompatible guinea pigs after a single immunization with thyroid extract and Freund's adjuvant was followed for more than 2 years. The disease appeared as early as 5 days and persisted for the entire period studied, although it regressed in the later stages. Circulating antithyroid antibody was detected at low levels as early as 7 days after immunization, and increased to a peak at the time of most severe disease. Thereafter, antibody decreased, but was still detectable in most animals as late as 2 years. There was no correlation between antibody levels and extent of disease except at the 7 week stage. Delayed sensitivity to thyroid antigen was found as early as 5 days after immunization, and appeared to precede the development of thyroiditis in many animals. It correlated closely with thyroiditis at 5 days and 7 weeks. At 6 months, the delayed skin reaction was decreased, and a modified type of reaction appeared which persisted as long as 26 months. The time relationship of delayed sensitivity, thyroiditis, and circulating antibody continue to confirm the role of delayed sensitivity in the pathogenesis of this disease. The accumulated data demonstrating production of thyroiditis without antibody, and the converse, tend to strengthen this view.

scholarly journals Predominance of antibody-resistant SARS-CoV-2 variants in vaccine breakthrough cases from the San Francisco Bay Area, California

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Venice Servellita ◽  
Mary-Kate Morris ◽  
Alicia Sotomayor-Gonzalez ◽  
Amelia Gliwa ◽  
Erika Torres ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
San Francisco ◽  
San Francisco Bay ◽  
San Francisco Bay Area ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Genome Sequences ◽  
Viral Loads ◽  
Bay Area ◽  
Immunocompromised State ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
Circulating Antibody

Associations between vaccine breakthrough cases and infection by SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants have remained largely unexplored. Here we analyzed SARS-CoV-2 whole-genome sequences and viral loads from 1,373 persons with COVID-19 from the San Francisco Bay Area from February 1 to June 30, 2021, of which 125 (9.1%) were vaccine breakthrough infections. Fully vaccinated were more likely than unvaccinated persons to be infected by variants carrying mutations associated with decreased antibody neutralization (L452R, L452Q, E484K, and/or F490S) (78% versus 48%, p = 1.96e-08), but not by those associated with increased infectivity (L452R and/or N501Y) (85% versus 77%, p = 0.092). Differences in viral loads were non-significant between unvaccinated and fully vaccinated persons overall (p = 0.99) and according to lineage (p = 0.09 - 0.78). Viral loads were significantly higher in symptomatic as compared to asymptomatic vaccine breakthrough cases (p < 0.0001), and symptomatic vaccine breakthrough infections had similar viral loads to unvaccinated infections (p = 0.64). In 5 cases with available longitudinal samples for serologic analyses, vaccine breakthrough infections were found to be associated with low or undetectable neutralizing antibody levels attributable to immunocompromised state or infection by an antibody-resistant lineage. These findings suggest that vaccine breakthrough cases are preferentially caused by circulating antibody-resistant SARS-CoV-2 variants, and that symptomatic breakthrough infections may potentially transmit COVID-19 as efficiently as unvaccinated infections, regardless of the infecting lineage.

The cellular immune response to antigens of Coxiella burneti

1974 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 657-662 ◽  
Author(s):  
John P. Heggers ◽  
L. P. Mallavia ◽  
David J. Hinrichs
Keyword(s):  
Phase I ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Q Fever ◽  
Delayed Hypersensitivity ◽  
Migration Inhibition ◽  
Microagglutination Test ◽  
Cellular Immune ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
Circulating Antibody

Formalinized vaccines prepared from the Nine Mile, Phase I, strain of C. burneti or purified preparations of the Phase I antigen initiate a state of delayed hypersensitivity in guinea pigs as determined by the in vitro migration inhibition system. This delayed hypersensitivity is directed against the protein as well as the carbohydrate component of the Phase I antigen. Guinea pigs that had recovered from Q-fever demonstrated a similar state of delayed hypersensitivity. Circulating antibody levels as determined by the microagglutination test were readily apparent in both infected and vaccinated animals.

scholarly journals Analyses of Five Gallinacin Genes and the Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis Response in Poultry

2006 ◽  
Vol 74 (6) ◽  
pp. 3375-3380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason R. Hasenstein ◽  
Guolong Zhang ◽  
Susan J. Lamont
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Bacterial Colonization ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Salmonella Enterica Serovar Enteritidis ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Beta Defensins ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
Per Gene ◽  
Circulating Antibody

ABSTRACTGallinacins in poultry are functional equivalents of mammalian beta-defensins, which constitute an integral component of the innate immune system.Salmonella entericaserovar Enteritidis is a gram-negative bacterium that negatively affects both human and animal health. To analyze the association of genetic variations of the gallinacin genes with the phenotypic response toS. entericaserovar Enteritidis, an F1population of chickens was created by crossing four outbred broiler sires to dams of two highly inbred lines. The F1chicks were evaluated for bacterial colonization after pathogenicS. entericaserovar Enteritidis inoculation and for circulating antibody levels after inoculation withS. entericaserovar Enteritidis bacterin vaccine. Five candidate genes were studied, including gallinacins 2, 3, 4, 5, and 7. Gene fragments were sequenced from the founder individuals of the resource population, and a mean of 13.2 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) per kilobase was identified. One allele-defining SNP per gene was utilized to test for statistical associations of sire alleles with progeny response toS. entericaserovar Enteritidis. Among the five gallinacin genes evaluated, theGal3andGal7SNPs in broiler sires were found to be associated with antibody production afterS. entericaserovar Enteritidis vaccination. Utilization of these SNPs as molecular markers for the response toS. entericaserovar Enteritidis may result in the enhancement of the immune response in poultry.

scholarly journals Lower probability and shorter duration of infections after Covid-19 vaccine correlate with anti-SARS-CoV-2 circulating IgGs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara Ronchini ◽  
Sara Gandini ◽  
Sebastiano Pasqualato ◽  
Luca Mazzarella ◽  
Federica Facciotti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Median Duration ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Lower Probability ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
European Institute ◽  
Duration Of Infection ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
Circulating Antibody

The correlation between immune responses and protection from SARS-CoV-2 infections and its duration remains unclear. We performed a sanitary surveillance at the European Institute of Oncology (IEO) in Milan over a 27 months period. Pre-vaccination, in 1493 participants, we scored 266 infections (17.8%) and 8 possible reinfections (3%). Post-vaccination, we identified 30 infections in 2029 vaccinated individuals (1.5%). We report that the probability of infection post-vaccination is i) significantly lower compared to natural infection, ii) associated with a significantly shorter median duration of infection than that of first infection and reinfection, iii) anticorrelated with circulating antibody levels.

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