Influence of Different Supplements of N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Blood and Tissue Lipids in Rats Receiving High Intakes of Linoleic Acid

1985 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 189-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Roshanai ◽  
T.A.B. Sanders
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Tissue Lipids

scholarly journals Genomic and Biochemical Analysis of Lipid Biosynthesis in the Unicellular Rhodophyte Cyanidioschyzon merolae: Lack of a Plastidic Desaturation Pathway Results in the Coupled Pathway of Galactolipid Synthesis

2007 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 1006-1017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naoki Sato ◽  
Takashi Moriyama
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Green Algae ◽  
Acyl Carrier Protein ◽  
Genomic Analysis ◽  
Minor Component ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Cyanidioschyzon Merolae

ABSTRACT The acyl lipids making up the plastid membranes in plants and algae are highly enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids and are synthesized by two distinct pathways, known as the prokaryotic and eukaryotic pathways, which are located within the plastids and the endoplasmic reticulum, respectively. Here we report the results of biochemical as well as genomic analyses of lipids and fatty acids in the unicellular rhodophyte Cyanidioschyzon merolae. All of the glycerolipids usually found in photosynthetic algae were found, such as mono- and digalactosyl diacylglycerol, sulfolipid, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylinositol. However, the fatty acid composition was extremely simple. Only palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids were found as major acids. In addition, 3-trans-hexadecanoic acid was found as a very minor component in phosphatidylglycerol. Unlike the case for most other photosynthetic eukaryotes, polyenoic fatty acids having three or more double bonds were not detected. These results suggest that polyunsaturated fatty acids are not necessary for photosynthesis in eukaryotes. Genomic analysis suggested that C. merolae lacks acyl lipid desaturases of cyanobacterial origin as well as stearoyl acyl carrier protein desaturase, both of which are major desaturases in plants and green algae. The results of labeling experiments with radioactive acetate showed that the desaturation leading to linoleic acid synthesis occurs on phosphatidylcholine located outside the plastids. Monogalactosyl diacylglycerol is therefore synthesized by the coupled pathway, using plastid-derived palmitic acid and endoplasmic reticulum-derived linoleic acid. These results highlight essential differences in lipid biosynthetic pathways between the red algae and the green lineage, which includes plants and green algae.

scholarly journals The Decrease of n-3 Fatty Acid Energy Percentage in an Equicaloric Diet Fed to B6C3Fe Mice for Three Generations Elicits Obesity

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingeborg Hanbauer ◽  
Ignacio Rivero-Covelo ◽  
Ekrem Maloku ◽  
Adam Baca ◽  
Qiaoyan Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Liver Lipid ◽  
Liver Steatosis ◽  
Docosapentaenoic Acid ◽  
Carbon Chain ◽  
Standard Diet

Feeding mice, over 3 generations, an equicaloric diet in which α-linolenic acid, the dietary precursor of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, was substituted by linoleic acid, the dietary precursor of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, significantly increased body weight throughout life when compared with standard diet-fed mice. Adipogenesis observed in the low n-3 fatty acid mice was accompanied by a 6-fold upregulation of stearyl-coenzyme A desaturase 1 (Scd1), whose activity is correlated to plasma triglyceride levels. In total liver lipid and phospholipid extracts, the sum of n-3 fatty acids and the individual longer carbon chain acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n3), docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n3), and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n3) were significantly decreased whereas arachidonic acid (20:4n6) was significantly increased. In addition, low n-3 fatty acid-fed mice had liver steatosis, heart, and kidney hypertrophy. Hence, reducing dietary α-linolenic acid, from 1.02 energy% to 0.16 energy% combined with raising linoleic acid intake resulted in obesity and had detrimental consequences on organ function.

Uptake and interconversion of plasma unesterified n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids by the GI tract of rats

1995 ◽  
Vol 268 (5) ◽  
pp. G732-G738
Author(s):  
A. Nilsson ◽  
W. Becker
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Docosahexaenoic Acid ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Gi Tract ◽  
Tissue Lipids ◽  
Blood Albumin

The origin of the linoleic [18:2(n-6)], arachidonic [20:4(n-6)], and docosahexaenoic acid [22:6(n-3)] of the mucosal phospholipids in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is not known. This study examines whether stomach, small intestine, and colon take up and desaturate-elongate unesterified polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) from blood. Albumin-bound unesterified alpha-[14C]linolenate [18:3(n-3)] and [3H]eicosapentaenoate [20:5(n-3)] were injected intravenously. After 10 min, 1 h, and 18 h, radioactivity of tissue lipids and the degree of interconversion of the 3H-labeled and 14C-labeled fatty acids were determined. After 10 min, the lipids of the gastrointestinal tract contained 3.6% of the 14C (0.5% in stomach, 2.7% in small intestine, and 0.4% in colon) and 4.9% of the 3H (0.6% in stomach, 3.6% in small intestine, and 0.7% in colon). Both fatty acids were acylated mainly into phospholipids, both in liver and gastrointestinal tract. Although the proportions of radioactivity found in desaturation-elongation products increased with time, 15% of the 14C in the liver, 6% in the stomach, 8% in the small intestine, and 11% in the colon were in 20:5 already after 10 min. A rapid interconversion of 18:3 thus occurred both in the liver and in the gastrointestinal tract. In all tissues examined, interconversion of [3H]20:5 to [3H]22:5 also occurred. Interconversion of unesterified PUFA taken up from blood may be an important source of eicosanoid precursors in the gastrointestinal tract.

scholarly journals Poultry meat production as a functional food with a voluntary n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ratio

2008 ◽  
Vol 52 (No. 7) ◽  
pp. 203-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Schneideroá ◽  
J. Zelenka ◽  
E. Mrkvicová
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Functional Food ◽  
The Other ◽  
Poultry Meat ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Alpha Linolenic Acid

We studied the effect of different levels of linseed oils made either of the flax cultivar Atalante with a high content of &alpha;-linolenic acid (612 g/kg) or of the cultivar Lola with a predominating content of linoleic acid (708 g/kg) in a chicken diet upon the fatty acid pattern in meat. Cockerels Ross 308 were fed the diets containing 1, 3, 5 or 7 per cent of oil in the last 15 days of fattening. Breast meat (BM) and thigh meat (TM) without skin of 8 chickens from each dietary group were used for analyses. The relative proportions of fatty acids were expressed as percentages of total determined fatty acids. When feeding Atalante oil, the proportions of n-6 fatty acids were highly significantly lower while those of n-3 fatty acids were higher; the ratio of n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in meat was narrower (<i>P</i> < 0.001) than in chickens fed oil with a low content of &alpha;-linolenic acid. In BM and TM, the relative proportions of &alpha;-linolenic and &gamma;-linolenic acids were nearly the same, the proportion of linoleic acid in BM was lower, and the proportions of the other polyunsaturated fatty acids in BM were higher than in TM. In BM, the ratio of n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids was significantly (<i>P</i> < 0.001) more favourable than that found in TM. The relative proportions of total saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids in meat decreased and those of polyunsaturated fatty acids increased significantly (<i>P</i> < 0.01) in dependence on the increasing level of dietary oils. When feeding Atalante oil, a significant increase in the proportion of linoleic acid in BM but not in TM was observed. The proportions of the other n-6 fatty acids decreased and those of all determined n-3 fatty acids, with the exception of docosahexaenoic acid, significantly increased with the increasing level of oil in the diet. When feeding Lola oil, its increasing content in the diet increased the relative proportion of linoleic acid as well as its elongation to &gamma;-linolenic acid; however, the proportions of arachidonic and adrenic acid did not change significantly (<i>P</i> > 0.05). The proportion of &alpha;-linolenic acid increased in both BM and TM. The proportion of eicosapentaenoic and clupanodonic acids in BM significantly decreased. The ratio of n-6 to n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ranged from 0.9 to 13.6 and from 1.0 to 17.2 in BM and TM, respectively. An increase in the level of Lola oil in the diet by 1% caused that the n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio extended by 1.00 and 1.19 units in BM and TM, respectively. Dependences of n-6/n-3 ratio on the level of Atalante oil were expressed by equations of convex parabolas with minima at the level of oil 5.8 and 5.9% for BM and TM, respectively. By means of the inclusion of linseed oil with a high content of &alpha;-linolenic acid in the feed mixture it would be possible to produce poultry meat as a functional food with a very narrow ratio of n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Changes in delayed type hypersensitivity, egg antibody content and immune cell fatty acid composition of layer birds fed conjugated linoleic acid, n-6 or n-3 fatty acids

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. K. Selvaraj ◽  
G. Cherian
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Conjugated Linoleic Acid ◽  
Oxidation Products ◽  
Thigh Muscle ◽  
Delayed Type Hypersensitivity ◽  
Lipid Oxidation Products

The effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids on delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH), egg yolk antibody content, immune tissue fatty acid profile and lipid oxidation products of layer birds were investigated. One hundred and twenty layer birds were fed diets containing conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) + animal fat (Diet I), sunflower oil (Diet II), canola + flax oil (Diet III) or fish oil (Diet IV). The total added lipid content of the diet was 3%. Birds fed Diets III and IV had higher content of n-3 fatty acids in lymphocyte and splenocytes. Thiobarbituric reactive substances were higher (P < 0.05) in the breast and thigh muscle of Diet IV fed birds. Serum and yolk anti-BSA antibody contents were higher (P < 0.05) in birds fed Diets III and IV. DTH was decreased (P < 0.05) in birds fed Diets IV and III. The number of lymphocyte CD4+ and CD8+ cells and spleen mononuclear cell CD4+, CD8+ and IgM+ cells did not differ (P > 0.05) between treatment groups. Feeding n-3 fatty acids increased antibody-mediated immune response, while n-6 fatty acids and CLA increased cell-mediated immune response. Key words: Conjugated linoleic acid, polyunsaturated fatty acids, delayed type hypersensitivity, immunoglobulins

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