Limited Value of the Thermal Inactivation Point, Longevity in vitro and Dilution Endpoint as Criteria for the Characterization, Identification and Classification of Plant Viruses

Intervirology ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard I.B. Francki
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Inactivation ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Thermal Inactivation Point

Centrosema mosaic: A new virus disease of Crotalaria SPP. in Papua and New Guinea

1962 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Velsen RJ Van ◽  
NC Crowley
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Thermal Inactivation ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Aphis Gossypii ◽  
Modes Of Transmission ◽  
Cuscuta Campestris ◽  
Aphis Craccivora Koch ◽  
Calopogonium Mucunoides ◽  
Thermal Inactivation Point

A study has been made of an undescribed virus disease which has been called Centrosema mosaic. Observations on its occurrence and symptoms, and data on its host range and modes of transmission are presented. The virus occurs naturally in the field on Crotalaria anagyroides H.U.K., C. goreensis Guill. & Perr., C. retusa L., C. mucronata Desv., Calopogonium mucunoides Desv., Centrosema pubescens Benth., and Desmodium distortum (Aubl.) Macbride. The host range appears to be restricted to the Leguminosae, and mainly to Crotalaria spp. The virus is mechanically transmissible, has a thermal inactivation point between 55 and 58°C, a dilution end-point of 1 in 2000, and a longevity in vitro of less than 6 hr. It is transmitted in a non-persistent manner by the aphids Aphis gossypii Glover, Aphis craccivora (Koch), Myzus persicae (Sulz.), and Brachycaudus helichrysi (Kalt.) var. warei (Theob.) and by two species of plant bugs of the genus Nysius. It is readily transmitted by Cuscuta campestris Yuncker, but not by seed or soil.

scholarly journals Lavandula angustifolia Mill. as a natural host of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV)

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tadeusz Kobyłko ◽  
Piotr Dańda ◽  
Beata Hasiów ◽  
Henryk Pospieszny ◽  
Natasza Borodynko
Keyword(s):  
Cucumber Mosaic Virus ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Thermal Inactivation ◽  
Elisa Test ◽  
Natural Host ◽  
Lavandula Angustifolia ◽  
Subgroup Ii ◽  
Thermal Inactivation Point ◽  
The Stability

Abstract A virus was isolated from Lavandula angustifolia Mill. plants exhibiting yellow mottling and distortion of leaves. After mechanical inoculation it induced in the major part of used test plants symptoms characteristic for Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). Its standard properties regarding the stability in crude plant sap were as follows: longevity in vitro 1-2 days, thermal inactivation point 55-60°C, dilution end point log10minus 3 - 4. The virus reacted positive with diagnostic antiserum against CMV in DAS-ELISA test. RT-PCR reaction revealed similarity between the investigated isolate and the isolate of CMV from the Netherlands belonging to subgroup II. In the light of the foregoing facts the isolated pathogen can be identified as the Cucumber mosaic virus and Lavandula angustifolia may be regarded as its natural host.

scholarly journals DETERMINATION OF PROPERTIES OF A STRAIN OF TOBAMOVIRUS FROM MUCUNA PRURIENS

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-31
Author(s):  
O. O. ODEDARA ◽  
A. C. ODEBODE ◽  
J. A. HUGHES
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Thermal Inactivation ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Mucuna Pruriens ◽  
Infected Leaf ◽  
Plant Host ◽  
End Point ◽  
The Family ◽  
Thermal Inactivation Point

A virus-infected leaf of Mucuna pruriens was collected and tested for an incidence of a virus through biological properties using various plant host range inoculation tests, longevity-in-vitro, dilution-end-point, thermal-inactivation point and electron microscopy. Results of host range inoculation tests showed the following plant species to be susceptible to the virus; Nicotiana tabacum, N. rustica, N. benthamiana, N. glutinosa, N. occidentalis, N. Sylvesris (Speg and Comes) and others. No plant in the family Convolvulacaee, Cucurbitaceae was found to be infected with the virus.  However Chenopodium quinoa and C. murale in the family Chenopodiaceae were infected with symptoms of mottling and necrotic lesions.  In the family Fabaceae, hybrid cowpea line TVu 76, IT84S – 2114 were infected with mosaic, leaf crinkling and severe leaf curl respectively. The virus had a dilution-end-point of 10-6-10-7, thermal-inactivation-point of 95°C in crude sap of TVu 76. The virus is of agricultural importance because of its incidence on seed coats of legumes which are freely exchanged between agricultural stakeholders.      

scholarly journals Biological and Physico-chemical Properties of Causal Agent of Virus Disease of Coccinia barteri (Hook. f.) Keay in Calabar, Cross River State

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
V. E. Uyoh ◽  
O. T. Umoh ◽  
A. T. Toby ◽  
O. M. Umoden
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Thermal Inactivation ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Causal Agent ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Virus Concentration ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Thermal Inactivation Point

The physico-chemical properties of the causal agent of virus disease of Coccinia barteri (Hook. f.) Keay were studied. The virus causing the disease was characterized using diagnostic tools such as host range, longevity in vitro, thermal inactivation point, dilution endpoint and aphid transmission. The virus was mechanically transmitted from the natural host (C. barteri) to the healthy test plants in the green house. In the biological properties, the virus was successfully transmitted by Aphis spiraecola (obtained from Chromolaena odorata (L.) R. M. King & H. Rob.) from infected Cucumeropsis mannii Naudin to a healthy C. mannii in a non-persistent manner and had a narrow host range limited to the family Cucurbitaceae. In the physico-chemical properties based on crude sap with an unknown virus concentration, beyond which infectivity was lost. It was readily inactivated by heating to 35 – 65°C for 10 minutes in determination of thermal inactivation point. The virus had a longevity in vitro of between 4 – 5 days beyond which it was non-infectious. Symptoms induced by the virus were leaf cupping, mottle chlorosis, blisters, stunted growth, rugosity, leaf malformation and mosaic patterns.

Tomato black-ring: a new virus disease

Parasitology ◽  
1946 ◽  
Vol 37 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 126-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth M. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Inactivation ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Black Ring ◽  
Insect Vector ◽  
Private Communication ◽  
Tomato Black Ring Virus ◽  
Initial Infection ◽  
Winter Conditions ◽  
Thermal Inactivation Point

A new virus disease of tomatoes is described for which the name tomato black-ring is suggested. The host range of the virus is wide but no insect vector has yet been identified. The longevity in vitro of the virus is 7 days or longer, the thermal inactivation point is about 58° C. and the concentration of the virus in the host plant is low. Tomato black-ring is essentially a disease of young plants which rapidly lose their symptoms if they survive the severe initial infection. The virus is carried without symptoms by a large number of miscellaneous plants.Note added in proof. In a private communication Kassanis has pointed out that the tomato black ring virus produces enations on the undersides of the leaves of cucumber. The writer has confirmed this but finds that the enations develop only in the greenhouse type of cucumber, never on the outdoor or ridge variety. The enations do not seem to develop under winter conditions.The writer's best thanks are due to Miss Margaret Short for her assistance in this work and to Dr Roy Markham for taking the photographs.

scholarly journals Summer Cosmos – A Host of Cucumber mosaic virus

1970 ◽  
pp. 84-93
Author(s):  
MS Parvin ◽  
AM Akanda ◽  
AHMA Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Cucumber Mosaic Virus ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Thermal Inactivation ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Local Lesion ◽  
Severe Stunting ◽  
End Point ◽  
Thermal Inactivation Point

In order to identify the cause of virus disease-like symptoms developed naturally in Summer cosmos (Cosmos sulphureus) plants at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU), Gazipur campus, a study was conducted during March 2004 to August 2005. The natural symptoms in Summer cosmos were consisted of mosaic, yellowing, shoe-string and leaf curling along with severe stunting of the infected plants. The ailments were found to be sap transmissible. Gomphrena globosa and Chenopodium amaranticolor were found to be good local lesion hosts producing chlorotic local lesion in the inoculated plants. The virus isolates obtained from the infected G. globosa plant had wide host range including Amaranthaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Compositae, Cucurbitaceae, Ligominosae and Solanaceae. The dilution end point, thermal inactivation point and longevity in vitro were determined as 10-6, 65°C and 10 days, respectively. The host range test, dilution end point, thermal inactivation point and longevity in vitro suggested that the virus was identical to Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). Double Antibody Sandwich Enzyme-Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay (DAS-ELISA) detected the virus as CMV. The results of the study revealed that the virus disease-like symptoms naturally manifested in summer cosmos plants was identified as CMV. Key words: Summer cosmos, CMV, virus identification. DOI = 10.3329/jard.v5i1.1463 J Agric Rural Dev 5(1&2), 84-93, June 2007

scholarly journals Occurrence, Distribution and Properties of Alfalfa Mosaic Virus

2002 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
A.D. Zadjaii ◽  
A.R. Matrooshi ◽  
S.M. Moghal
Keyword(s):  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Thermal Inactivation ◽  
Aphis Gossypii ◽  
Alfalfa Mosaic Virus ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Ammi Majus ◽  
Thermal Inactivation Point ◽  
Heliotropium Europaeum

Alfalfa Mosaic Virus (AlflMV) was recorded on 21 hosts comprising of four field crops, 14 vegetables, one ornamental plant and two new weed species (Heliotropium europaeum and Ammi majus) belonging to nine families. The virus was identified and confirmed on the basis of its biological, serological (ELISA) and physical properties. The leaves, stem and crown from systemically infected alfalfa plant contained high concentration of the virus. It was nonpersistently transmitted by cotton aphids (Aphis gossypii). The wide host range, including virus reservoirs, seed-borne infection and insect transmission account for high incidence and distribution of AlfMV in the country. The virus isolate had a dilution end point between 1 x 10-3 to l x 10-4, 65-67 °C thermal inactivation point and a few days in-vitro longevity and appears to be similar to the AlfMV-S strain.  

scholarly journals Degradation of keratan sulphate by β-N-acetylhexosaminidases A and B

1981 ◽  
Vol 193 (3) ◽  
pp. 811-818 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Ludolph ◽  
E Paschke ◽  
J Glössl ◽  
H Kresse
Keyword(s):  
Isoelectric Focusing ◽  
Human Liver ◽  
Thermal Inactivation ◽  
Sandhoff Disease ◽  
Chromogenic Substrate ◽  
Polymeric Substrate ◽  
Keratan Sulphate ◽  
Human Enzyme ◽  
Tay Sachs Disease

Enzymic cleavage of beta-N-acetylglucosamine residues of keratan sulphate was studied in vitro by using substrate a [3H]glucosamine-labelled desulphated keratan sulphate with N-acetylglucosamine residues at the non-reducing end. Both lysosomal beta-N-acetylhexosaminidases A and B are proposed to participate in the degradation of keratan sulphate on the basis of the following observations. Homogenates of fibroblasts from patients with Sandhoff disease, but not those from patients with Tay–Sachs disease, were unable to release significant amounts of N-acetyl[3H]glucosamine. On isoelectric focusing of beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase from human liver the peaks of keratan sulphate-degrading activity coincided with the activity towards p-nitrophenyl beta-N-acetylglucosaminide. A monospecific antibody against the human enzyme reacted with both enzyme forms and precipitated the keratan sulphate-degrading activity. Both isoenzymes had the same apparent Km of 4mM, but the B form was approximately twice as active as the A form when compared with the activity towards a chromogenic substrate. Differences were noted in the pH–activity profiles of both isoenzymes. Thermal inactivation of isoenzyme B was less pronounced towards the polymeric substrate than towards the p-nitrophenyl derivative.

In Vitro Toxicology Methods in Risk Assessment

1996 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-331
Author(s):  
Iain F. H. Purchase
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Hazard Assessment ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
In Vitro Test ◽  
In Vitro Methods ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
Vitro Test

The title of this paper is challenging, because the question of how in vitro methods and results contribute to human health risk assessment is rarely considered. The process of risk assessment usually begins with hazard assessment, which provides a description of the inherent toxicological properties of the chemical. The next step is to assess the relevance of this to humans, i.e. the human hazard assessment. Finally, information on exposure is examined, and risk can then be assessed. In vitro methods have a limited, but important, role to play in risk assessment. The results can be used for classification and labelling; these are methods of controlling exposure, analogous to risk assessment, but without considering exposure. The Ames Salmonella test is the only in vitro method which is incorporated into regulations and used widely. Data from this test can, at best, lead to classification of a chemical with regard to genotoxicity, but cannot be used for classification and labelling on their own. Several in vitro test systems which assess the topical irritancy and corrosivity of chemicals have been reasonably well validated, and the results from these tests can be used for classification. The future development of in vitro methods is likely to be slow, as it depends on the development of new concepts and ideas. The in vivo methods which currently have reasonably developed in vitro alternatives will be the easiest to replace. The remaining in vivo methods, which provide toxicological information from repeated chronic dosing, with varied endpoints and by mechanisms which are not understood, will be more difficult to replace.

scholarly journals Towards plant resistance to viruses using protein-only RNase P

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Gobert ◽  
Yifat Quan ◽  
Mathilde Arrivé ◽  
Florent Waltz ◽  
Nathalie Da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Virus Replication ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Rnase P ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Yellow Mosaic Virus ◽  
Resistance To Viruses ◽  
Target Plant

AbstractPlant viruses cause massive crop yield loss worldwide. Most plant viruses are RNA viruses, many of which contain a functional tRNA-like structure. RNase P has the enzymatic activity to catalyze the 5′ maturation of precursor tRNAs. It is also able to cleave tRNA-like structures. However, RNase P enzymes only accumulate in the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts rather than cytosol where virus replication takes place. Here, we report a biotechnology strategy based on the re-localization of plant protein-only RNase P to the cytosol (CytoRP) to target plant viruses tRNA-like structures and thus hamper virus replication. We demonstrate the cytosol localization of protein-only RNase P in Arabidopsis protoplasts. In addition, we provide in vitro evidences for CytoRP to cleave turnip yellow mosaic virus and oilseed rape mosaic virus. However, we observe varied in vivo results. The possible reasons have been discussed. Overall, the results provided here show the potential of using CytoRP for combating some plant viral diseases.

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