Some Characteristics of Wide-field Units in the Brain of the Pigeon

1970 ◽  
Vol 3 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 195-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Revzin
Keyword(s):  
Wide Field ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals Optical Imaging-Based Guidance of Viral Microinjections and Insertion of a Laminar Electrophysiology Probe Into a Predetermined Barrel in Mouse Area S1BF

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor M. Mocanu ◽  
Amir Shmuel
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Optical Imaging ◽  
Viral Vectors ◽  
Electrophysiological Recording ◽  
Wide Field ◽  
Functional Modules ◽  
Insertion Depth ◽  
Intrinsic Signals ◽  
Spatial Specificity ◽  
The Brain

Wide-field Optical Imaging of Intrinsic Signals (OI-IS; Grinvald et al., 1986) is a method for imaging functional brain hemodynamic responses, mainly used to image activity from the surface of the cerebral cortex. It localizes small functional modules – such as cortical columns – with great spatial resolution and spatial specificity relative to the site of increases in neuronal activity. OI-IS is capable of imaging responses either through an intact or thinned skull or following a craniotomy. Therefore, it is minimally invasive, which makes it ideal for survival experiments. Here we describe OI-IS-based methods for guiding microinjections of optogenetics viral vectors in proximity to small functional modules (S1 barrels) of the cerebral cortex and for guiding the insertion of electrodes for electrophysiological recording into such modules. We validate our proposed methods by tissue processing of the cerebral barrel field area, revealing the track of the electrode in a predetermined barrel. In addition, we demonstrate the use of optical imaging to visualize the spatial extent of the optogenetics photostimulation, making it possible to estimate one of the two variables that conjointly determine which region of the brain is stimulated. Lastly, we demonstrate the use of OI-IS at high-magnification for imaging the upper recording contacts of a laminar probe, making it possible to estimate the insertion depth of all contacts relative to the surface of the cortex. These methods support the precise positioning of microinjections and recording electrodes, thus overcoming the variability in the spatial position of fine-scale functional modules.

scholarly journals Ultrasound functional neuroimaging reveals propagation of task-related brain activity in behaving primates

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Dizeux ◽  
Marc Gesnik ◽  
Harry Ahnine ◽  
Kevin Blaize ◽  
Fabrice Arcizet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Resolution ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Global Network ◽  
High Temporal Resolution ◽  
Wide Field ◽  
Spatiotemporal Resolution ◽  
Macro Scale ◽  
The Brain

ABSTRACTIn recent decades, neuroimaging has played an invaluable role in improving the fundamental understanding of the brain. At the macro scale, neuroimaging modalities such as MRI, EEG, and MEG, exploit a wide field of view to explore the brain as a global network of interacting regions. However, this comes at the price of either limited spatiotemporal resolution or limited sensitivity. At the micro scale, electrophysiology is used to explore the dynamic aspects of neuronal activity with a very high temporal resolution. However, this modality requires a statistical averaging of several tens of single task responses. A large-scale neuroimaging modality of sufficient spatial and temporal resolution and sensitivity to study brain region activation dynamically would open new territories of possibility in neuroscienceWe show that neurofunctional ultrasound imaging (fUS) is both able to assess brain activation during single cognitive tasks within superficial and deeper areas of the frontal cortex areas, and image the directional propagation of information within and between these regions. Equipped with an fUS device, two macaque rhesus monkeys were instructed before a stimulus appeared to rest (fixation) or to look towards (saccade) or away (antisaccade) from a stimulus. Our results identified an abrupt transient change in activity for all acquisitions in the supplementary eye field (SEF) when the animals were required to change a rule regarding the task cued by a stimulus. Simultaneous imaging in the anterior cingulate cortex and SEF revealed a time delay in the directional functional connectivity of 0.27 ± 0.07 s and 0.9 ± 0.2 s for animals S and Y, respectively. These results provide initial evidence that recording cerebral hemodynamics over large brain areas at a high spatiotemporal resolution and sensitivity with neurofunctional ultrasound can reveal instantaneous monitoring of endogenous brain signals and behavior.

TAMI-21. TUMOR-ASSOCIATED MICROGLIA GUIDE GBM INFILTRATION VIA PLEXIN-B2

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (Supplement_6) ◽  
pp. vi202-vi202
Author(s):  
Sangjo Kang ◽  
Anirudh Sattiraju ◽  
Yuhuan Li ◽  
Shalaka Wahane ◽  
Theo Hanna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Cell ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Primary Brain Tumor ◽  
Physical Interaction ◽  
Wide Field ◽  
Cell Alignment ◽  
Ecm Remodeling ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Cellular Alignment ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignant primary brain tumor. The nature of invasiveness of GBM makes complete surgical resection difficult. However, how GBM cells achieve wide infiltration in the brain is poorly understood. Microglia, the resident immune cells in the brain can support GBM growth and invasion, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we show that microglia are activated in a wide field away from tumor boundaries, ahead of tumor cell infiltration. Invading GBM cells are in close contact with microglia, progressively aligned with one another in the direction of tumor invasion. Moreover, ECM is also aligned with the infiltrating tumor and microglia, which may serve as invasion tracks in the brain. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that microglia direct cellular alignment and ECM remodeling in the invasion tracks through an axon guidance receptor Plexin-B2. Myeloid-specific ablation of Plexin-B2 perturbs microglia and tumor cell alignment, microglia migration, ECM organization, and GBM invasiveness. Together, our data reveal a hitherto under-appreciated role of microglia in providing directional cues for GBM invasion through physical interaction and alignment of ECM and tumor cells, thus providing new insights and novel molecular targets in curbing GBM invasion.

The corpora pedunculata of Sphinx Ligustri L. and other Lepidoptera: an anatomical study

1971 ◽  
Vol 259 (833) ◽  
pp. 477-516 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Anatomical Study ◽  
Mushroom Bodies ◽  
Accessory Cell ◽  
Wide Field ◽  
Complex Roots ◽  
Accessory Cells ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
Branching Patterns ◽  
Corpora Pedunculata ◽  
The Brain

The corpora pedunculata, or mushroom bodies, are paired lobes of neuropile present in the protocerebrum or dorsal brain of all insects. They are divisible into three parts: calyx, stalk and roots. The latter usually comprise two simple lobes, the a and ft lobes. The corpora pedunculata of a variety of Lepidoptera were examined. All had a double calyx-cup. Each ‘cup-cavity’ is composed of ‘globuli’ cell bodies. The broad stalk, a tract of fibres and neuropile, leads from the calyx to the complex ‘roots’—a, g and y lobes. A third group of globuli cells near the calyx gives rise to a tract leading to a second lobe-system—the tripartite Y-lobe—in the roots. As neither the Y tract nor the Y lobe has been described before in any insect, their possible homologues are unknown. The two lobe systems in the roots are closely intertwined, yet have no interaction except in the y lobe. A number of different neuron types with branches in the mushroom bodies has been described from Golgi preparations. Some (intrinsic cells) divide in the calyx and again in the roots, but do not pass out of the mushroom bodies. Others (extrinsic cells) branch in the mushroom bodies and in other areas of the brain, thus connecting two regions. Intrinsic cells arise from cell bodies in the calyx-cups or posterior to them. There are two types: one has extensive spine-covered branches in the calyx, while the second has claw-like terminals covering a narrow cylindrical field. Processes from these cells run to the a, j>and y lobes via the stalk. A wide-field accessory cell, which arises from the third group of globuli cell bodies, also has claw-like endings in the calyx. A process of this cell runs in the Y-tract to the Y-lobe. Extrinsic terminals in the calyx arise from cells branching in the antennal lobe, in an accessory optic area in the protocerebrum, in the ‘undifferentiated’ protocerebral neuropile, or in the suboesophageal lobes. The antennal terminals in the calyx are knob-like. It is proposed that they form the centre of the ‘glomeruli’ typically present in calycal neuropile. The claws of the bunched intrinsic and accessory cells probably fit around these knobs. Within the stalk, different subvarieties of intrinsic cells have been distinguished on the basis of the distribution of the side-branches and spines which they bear. The stalk is thought to be the site of extensive postsynaptic interaction between intrinsic cells. Fibres in the stalk run in bundles or groups. All the fibres in one bundle are of the same subvariety. In the roots, the subvarieties of intrinsic cells have different branching patterns. The a and B lobes are not homogeneous, but are divided into sublobes. Extrinsic fibres ramify only within one sublobe generally, though some have very large fields. The connexions of the roots are obscure. Some extrinsic fibres branch again in the ‘undifferentiated’ protocerebral neuropile; others, from the B lobe, may run to the suboesophageal lobes. There are profound differences between the internal organization of the mushroom bodies in Hymenoptera (Kenyon 1896; Goll 1967) and Lepidoptera. The functional implications of the Lepidopteran form are discussed.

scholarly journals Acoustic light-sheet microscopy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Wunderl ◽  
Ayumu Ishijima ◽  
Etsuo Susaki ◽  
Zihui Xu ◽  
Hong Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Light Propagation ◽  
High Spatial Resolution ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Acoustic Pulse ◽  
Light Sheet ◽  
Wide Field ◽  
Axial Resolution ◽  
3D Objects ◽  
Light Sheet Microscopy ◽  
The Brain

Light-sheet imaging of 3D objects with high spatial resolution remains an open challenge because of the trade-off between field-of-view (FOV) and axial resolution originating from the diffraction of light. We developed acoustic light-sheet microscopy (acoustic LSM), which actively manipulates the light propagation inside a large sample to obtain wide-field microscopic images deep inside a target. By accurately coupling a light-sheet illumination pulse into a planar acoustic pulse, the light-sheet can be continuously guided over large distances. We imaged a fluorescence-labeled transparent mouse brain for the FOVs of 19.3 x 12.4 mm2 and 9.7 x 5.9 mm2 with resolved microstructures and single cells deep inside the brain. Acoustic LSM creates new opportunities for the application of light-sheet in the field of industry to basic science.

scholarly journals Acute Application of Imidacloprid Alters the Sensitivity of Direction Selective Motion Detecting Neurons in an Insect Pollinator

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa Rigosi ◽  
David C. O’Carroll
Keyword(s):  
Flight Control ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Visual Motion ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Wide Field ◽  
General Effect ◽  
The Brain

Cholinergic pesticides, such as the neonicotinoid imidacloprid, are the most important insecticides used for plant protection worldwide. In recent decades, concerns have been raised about side effects on non-target insect species, including altered foraging behavior and navigation. Although pollinators rely on visual cues to forage and navigate their environment, the effects of neonicotinoids on visual processing have been largely overlooked. To test the effect of acute treatment with imidacloprid at known concentrations in the brain, we developed a modified electrophysiological setup that allows recordings of visually evoked responses while perfusing the brain in vivo. We obtained long-lasting recordings from direction selective wide-field, motion sensitive neurons of the hoverfly pollinator, Eristalis tenax. Neurons were treated with imidacloprid (3.9 μM, 0.39 μM or a sham control treatment using the solvent (dimethylsulfoxide) only. Exposure to a high, yet sub-lethal concentration of imidacloprid significantly alters their physiological response to motion stimuli. We observed a general effect of imidacloprid (3.9 μM) increasing spontaneous activity, reducing contrast sensitivity and giving weaker directional tuning to wide-field moving stimuli, with likely implications for errors in flight control, hovering and routing. Our electrophysiological approach reveals the robustness of the fly visual pathway against cholinergic perturbance (i.e., at 0.39 μM) but also potential threatening effects of cholinergic pesticides (i.e., evident at 3.9 μM) for the visual motion detecting system of an important pollinator.

OFFICE EVALUATION OF VISION IN CHILDREN

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1959 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 985-989
Author(s):  
Frank Duncan Costenbader
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Binocular Vision ◽  
Visual Image ◽  
The Other ◽  
Wide Field ◽  
The Past ◽  
Gun Barrel ◽  
Field Of Vision ◽  
Similar Images ◽  
The Brain

I AM PLEASED to be included on a panel discussing the special senses in conjunction with intelligence and certain skills. It would seem that in so grouping these subjects, the eyes, the ears and the other senses have no longer been considered isolated phenomena but as parts of an integrated whole. It seems important at this early point in the discussion to emphasize the fact that the term "vision" is frequently misused, usually only connoting visual acuity. It should be emphasized that vision in its broadest sense includes visual acuity, the extent of the fields of vision, the normality or abnormality of binocular vision, and the adequacy of the visual associations such as recognition, identification and memory. It seems superfluous to point out that excellent visual acuity, if seen through a gun barrel, is by no means satisfying. Also, that a full, wide field of vision, when the object of interest is blurred, is most unsatisfactory. Having two eyes, each of which is a perfect unit, but not seeing together well and comfortably, is most annoying and handicapping. Finally, referring back to the brain a perfect visual image, which cannot be properly recognized and identified and then correlated with similar images previously received, is a totally frustrating experience. Thus, for a child "to see well" he must see clearly the thing he looks straight at, he must see widely the things about him, as well as the object of interest, he must have his two eyes properly co-ordinated, and he must be able to recognize, identify and associate this image with related images and activities of the past.

Response Characteristics of Four Wide-Field Motion-Sensitive Descending Interneurones IN Apis Melufera

1990 ◽  
Vol 148 (1) ◽  
pp. 255-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
MICHAEL R. IBBOTSON ◽  
LESLEY J. GOODMAN
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Axis ◽  
Longitudinal Axis ◽  
Contralateral Side ◽  
Wide Field ◽  
Periodic Patterns ◽  
Directional Response ◽  
Ipsilateral Side ◽  
Thoracic Ganglia ◽  
Response Characteristics ◽  
The Brain

The anatomical projections and directional tuning of four descending interneurones sensitive to wide-field motion over the compound eyes are described. The cells are slow to adapt, resistant to habituation and their responses are dependent on the contrast frequency of the periodic patterns used as stimuli. Two of the cells (DNIV2 and DNIV4) are maximally stimulated by movement around the longitudinal axis of the bee (simulated roll), one (DNII2) by movement around the horizontal axis (simulated pitch) and one (DNVI1) by movement around the vertical axis (simulated yaw). The cells are binocular, their directional response being shaped by the interaction of the inputs from each eye. The cells which respond predominantly to roll (DNIV2 and DNIV4) have their arborizations restricted to the ipsilateral side of the brain and thoracic ganglia, i.e. the side which contains the cell soma. The cell responding to pitch (DNII2) has its arborizations distributed bilaterally, invading similar regions of the neuropile in both sides of the brain and thoracic ganglia. The cell which responds to yaw (DNVI1) has its major dendritic field in the ipsilateral side of the brain and descends into the thoracic ganglia in the contralateral side. The majority of its arborizations in the thoracic ganglia are confined to the contralateral neuropile.

scholarly journals EDUCATIONAL NEUROSCIENCE FOR SECOND LANGUAGE CLASSROOMS

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Siusana Kweldju
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Classroom Practice ◽  
Declarative Memory ◽  
Language Teachers ◽  
Wide Field ◽  
Educational Neuroscience ◽  
Neuroscience Research ◽  
Second Language Teachers ◽  
Language Classrooms ◽  
The Brain

Today’s classrooms, including second language classrooms, are created to be more engaging, effective and empowering for learners to develop their knowledge, interests and experiences. One effort is to consider how the brain learns in the classroom; what the brain is able to do, and what is not. Educational neuroscience is a transdisciplinary convergence of neurosciences to translate  neuroscience research into classroom practice, including how a second language is learned. Therefore, every teacher, including second language teachers should know about neuroscience. Educational neuroscience is a wide field which still remains open for further investigation. Exploring the latest findings from neuroscience research, this paper proposes seven second language classroom principles. The principles are developed mostly based on research on declarative memory, instead of univcrsal grammar, which is developed based on mentalistic philosophy.

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