Sexually Dimorphic Areas in the Brain of Whiptail Lizards

1990 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 262-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Crews ◽  
Juli Wade ◽  
Walter Wilczynski
Keyword(s):  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Whiptail Lizards ◽  
The Brain

Sexually dimorphic responses of rats to fluoxetine in the forced swimming test are unrelated to the function of the serotonin transporter in the brain

Synapse ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Karolina Domingues ◽  
Fernanda Barbosa Lima ◽  
Aurea Elizabeth Linder ◽  
Fernando Falkenburger Melleu ◽  
Anicleto Poli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Serotonin Transporter ◽  
Forced Swimming Test ◽  
Forced Swimming ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Swimming Test ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals Identification of KiSS-1 Product Kisspeptin and Steroid-Sensitive Sexually Dimorphic Kisspeptin Neurons in Medaka (Oryzias latipes)

Endocrinology ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 149 (5) ◽  
pp. 2467-2476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinji Kanda ◽  
Yasuhisa Akazome ◽  
Takuya Matsunaga ◽  
Naoyuki Yamamoto ◽  
Shunji Yamada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Neuronal System ◽  
Anatomical Distribution ◽  
Neuronal Populations ◽  
Hypothalamic Nuclei ◽  
Steroid Sensitive ◽  
Neuronal Systems ◽  
The Brain

Recently, a novel physiologically active peptide, kisspeptin (metastin), has been reported to facilitate sexual maturation and ovulation by directly stimulating GnRH neurons in several mammalian species. Despite its importance in the neuroendocrine regulation of reproduction, kisspeptin neurons have only been studied in mammals, and there has been no report on the kisspeptin or kisspeptin neuronal systems in nonmammalian vertebrates. We used medaka for the initial identification of the KiSS-1 gene and the anatomical distribution of KiSS-1 mRNA expressing neurons (KiSS-1 neurons) in the brain of nonmammalian species. In situ hybridization for the medaka KiSS-1 gene cloned here proved that two kisspeptin neuronal populations are localized in the hypothalamic nuclei, the nucleus posterioris periventricularis and the nucleus ventral tuberis (NVT). Furthermore, NVT KiSS-1 neurons were sexually dimorphic in number (male neurons ≫ female neurons) under the breeding conditions. We also found that the number of KiSS-1 neurons in the NVT but not that in the nucleus posterioris periventricularis was positively regulated by ovarian estrogens. The fact that there were clear differences in the number of NVT KiSS-1 neurons between the fish under the breeding and nonbreeding conditions strongly suggests that the steroid-sensitive changes in the KiSS-1 mRNA expression in the NVT occur physiologically, according to the changes in the reproductive state. From the present results, we conclude that the medaka KiSS-1 neuronal system is involved in the central regulation of reproductive functions, and, given many experimental advantages, the medaka brain may serve as a good model system to study its physiology.

scholarly journals Sex differences in the gut microbiome–brain axis across the lifespan

2016 ◽  
Vol 371 (1688) ◽  
pp. 20150122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eldin Jašarević ◽  
Kathleen E. Morrison ◽  
Tracy L. Bale
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Cross Talk ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Risk And Resilience ◽  
Functional Potential ◽  
Bidirectional Communication ◽  
The Brain

In recent years, the bidirectional communication between the gut microbiome and the brain has emerged as a factor that influences immunity, metabolism, neurodevelopment and behaviour. Cross-talk between the gut and brain begins early in life immediately following the transition from a sterile in utero environment to one that is exposed to a changing and complex microbial milieu over a lifetime. Once established, communication between the gut and brain integrates information from the autonomic and enteric nervous systems, neuroendocrine and neuroimmune signals, and peripheral immune and metabolic signals. Importantly, the composition and functional potential of the gut microbiome undergoes many transitions that parallel dynamic periods of brain development and maturation for which distinct sex differences have been identified. Here, we discuss the sexually dimorphic development, maturation and maintenance of the gut microbiome–brain axis, and the sex differences therein important in disease risk and resilience throughout the lifespan.

scholarly journals Gene expression changes in the course of normal brain aging are sexually dimorphic

2008 ◽  
Vol 105 (40) ◽  
pp. 15605-15610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole C. Berchtold ◽  
David H. Cribbs ◽  
Paul D. Coleman ◽  
Joseph Rogers ◽  
Elizabeth Head ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Entorhinal Cortex ◽  
Brain Aging ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Compensatory Mechanisms ◽  
Superior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
The Brain

Gene expression profiles were assessed in the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, superior-frontal gyrus, and postcentral gyrus across the lifespan of 55 cognitively intact individuals aged 20–99 years. Perspectives on global gene changes that are associated with brain aging emerged, revealing two overarching concepts. First, different regions of the forebrain exhibited substantially different gene profile changes with age. For example, comparing equally powered groups, 5,029 probe sets were significantly altered with age in the superior-frontal gyrus, compared with 1,110 in the entorhinal cortex. Prominent change occurred in the sixth to seventh decades across cortical regions, suggesting that this period is a critical transition point in brain aging, particularly in males. Second, clear gender differences in brain aging were evident, suggesting that the brain undergoes sexually dimorphic changes in gene expression not only in development but also in later life. Globally across all brain regions, males showed more gene change than females. Further, Gene Ontology analysis revealed that different categories of genes were predominantly affected in males vs. females. Notably, the male brain was characterized by global decreased catabolic and anabolic capacity with aging, with down-regulated genes heavily enriched in energy production and protein synthesis/transport categories. Increased immune activation was a prominent feature of aging in both sexes, with proportionally greater activation in the female brain. These data open opportunities to explore age-dependent changes in gene expression that set the balance between neurodegeneration and compensatory mechanisms in the brain and suggest that this balance is set differently in males and females, an intriguing idea.

Recipe for a sexually dimorphic brain: Ingredients include ovarian and testicular hormones

1998 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 330-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diane F. Halpern
Keyword(s):  
Brain Development ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Sexual Differentiation ◽  
Ovarian Hormones ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Transient Effects ◽  
Measurement Issues ◽  
False Dichotomy ◽  
New Knowledge ◽  
The Brain

New knowledge about the sexual differentiation of the brain profoundly changes our understanding of basic topics in brain development such as the false dichotomy between long-lasting and transient effects of hormones on neural activity, the importance of ovarian hormones in brain development, the plasticity of neural structures throughout the life span, and the way measurement issues affect research conclusions.

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