Human Schistosomiasis Decreases Immune Responses to Allergens and Clinical Manifestations of Asthma

2005 ◽  
pp. 29-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Ilma Araujo ◽  
Edgar M. de Carvalho
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Human Schistosomiasis

scholarly journals A systematic review of immune pathogenesis of SARS-COV-2 infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 978
Author(s):  
Shabarini Srikumar ◽  
Shridharan Perumal
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Multiple Organ ◽  
World Health ◽  
Multiple Organ Dysfunction ◽  
Viral Immunity ◽  
Secondary Infections ◽  
Rational Management ◽  
Health Organization

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was declared a pandemic by the world health organization on March 11, 2020. The host immune response to SARS-CoV-2 appears to play a critical role in disease pathogenesis and clinical manifestations. SARS-CoV-2 causes direct activation of anti-viral immune responses and leads to the release of uncontrolled inflammatory mediators. These SARS-CoV-2-induced immune responses may lead to various other abnormalities like lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia and granulocyte and monocyte dysfunction, making the patient more prone to secondary infections by microorganisms, which may result in further further serious complications like septic shock, severe multiple organ dysfunction and eventually death. Therefore, mechanisms underlying immune abnormalities in patients with COVID-19 disease must be elucidated to guide clinical management of the disease. Rational management in combating the disease includes enhancing anti-viral immunity and inhibiting systemic inflammation, which is key to successful treatment.

scholarly journals Gender Differences in the Pathogenesis and Outcome of Lupus and of Lupus Nephritis

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Schwartzman-Morris ◽  
Chaim Putterman
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Male Gender ◽  
Gender Disparities ◽  
Systemic Lupus ◽  
Hematological Indices ◽  
Treatment Regimens ◽  
Tailored Treatment

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) typically affects females at far greater rates than males; however male SLE patients often have more severe disease than females. The gender disparities have been reported in clinical manifestations and in serological and hematological indices as well. In particular, SLE complicated with nephritis is more frequent in men than women, and several groups identified male gender as a risk factor for progression to renal failure. The specific differences in pathogenesis amongst genders have yet to be conclusively defined, though genetic, hormonal, and immune responses have been analyzed thus far. Further research is warranted to further elucidate these differences and permit the development of gender-tailored treatment regimens.

The Wellcome Trust Lecture: Infection and disease in lymphatic filariasis: an immunological perspective

Parasitology ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 104 (S1) ◽  
pp. S71-S79 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. OtteSen
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Lymphatic Filariasis ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Genetic Determination ◽  
Inflammatory Reactions ◽  
Alternative Pathways ◽  
Immunodeficient Mice ◽  
Parasite Antigen ◽  
Immunological Responses ◽  
Asymptomatic Patients

SUMMARYThe basic tenet of the immunological perspective of fuiarial disease is that differential immune responsiveness among individuals exposed to infection results in the different clinical manifestations that develop. The mechanisms involved in this differential responsiveness appear to reflect different T-cell cytokine response patterns. Asymptomatic patients with the clinically silent presentation of ‘asymptomatic microfilaraemia’, who have been previously described as being ‘immunosuppressed’ with respect to their generating pro-inflammatory (Th1-type) immune responses to parasite antigen, are now recognized to be fully responsive to parasite antigen but to produce cytokines and mediators that have primarily anti-inflammatory (Th2-like) effects. Studies with immunodeficient mice have indicated the existence of two alternative pathways to the development of lymphatic pathology: one dependent on the induction of inflammatory reactions by the host immune response, the other entirely independent of the immune system and reflecting the direct actions of the parasite or its products on the lymphatics. As histopathology of affected human lymphatics is consistent with this hypothesis, it may be that the lymphatic pathology seen normally in the amicrofilaraemic, highly immunoresponsive infected patients derives from inflammation induced by immune responses to parasite antigen, whereas the lymphatic pathology sometimes seen coexisting with the ‘immunosuppressed’ state of asymptomatic microfilaraemia actually reflects lymphatic damage that is not immunologically mediated. Though little information exists about the ‘natural history’ of lymphatic filariasis, there is no evidence for an inevitable progression from one clinical form to another. Instead, there appears to be a definite plasticity in the response that depends on prior (? pre-natal) and current exposure to the parasite as well as on the immunomodulatory effects it induces. This plasticity does not appear to be complete, however, as there is no evidence that a chronically infected host who has developed strong pro-inflammatory immune responses can subsequently become sufficiently ‘down-regulated’ to support an asymptomatic microfilaraemia type of infection. Another possible constraint to the plasticity of the clinical and immunological responses may be the genetic determination of certain unusual syndromes, such as tropical pulmonary eosinophilia or TPE, though this hypothesis remains to be proven.

scholarly journals Can We Harness Immune Responses to Improve Drug Treatment in Leishmaniasis?

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 1069
Author(s):  
Raphael Taiwo Aruleba ◽  
Katharine C. Carter ◽  
Frank Brombacher ◽  
Ramona Hurdayal
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Clinical Use ◽  
Self Healing ◽  
Cutaneous Lesions ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Visceral Disease ◽  
Control And Eradication

Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne parasitic disease that has been neglected in priority for control and eradication of malaria, tuberculosis, and HIV/AIDS. Collectively, over one seventh of the world’s population is at risk of being infected with 0.7–1.2 million new infections reported annually. Clinical manifestations range from self-healing cutaneous lesions to fatal visceral disease. The first anti-leishmanial drugs were introduced in the 1950′s and, despite several shortcomings, remain the mainstay for treatment. Regardless of this and the steady increase in infections over the years, particularly among populations of low economic status, research on leishmaniasis remains under funded. This review looks at the drugs currently in clinical use and how they interact with the host immune response. Employing chemoimmunotherapeutic approaches may be one viable alternative to improve the efficacy of novel/existing drugs and extend their lifespan in clinical use.

scholarly journals Evolutionary and structural analysis of SARS-CoV-2 specific evasion of host immunity

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (6-8) ◽  
pp. 409-419
Author(s):  
Irfan Hussain ◽  
Nashaiman Pervaiz ◽  
Abbas Khan ◽  
Shoaib Saleem ◽  
Huma Shireen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Nonstructural Protein ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Host Immunity ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
In Vivo Models

AbstractThe outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is spreading fast worldwide. There is a pressing need to understand how the virus counteracts host innate immune responses. Deleterious clinical manifestations of coronaviruses have been associated with virus-induced direct dysregulation of innate immune responses occurring via viral macrodomains located within nonstructural protein-3 (Nsp3). However, no substantial information is available concerning the relationship of macrodomains to the unusually high pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2. Here, we show that structural evolution of macrodomains may impart a critical role to the unique pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2. Using sequence, structural, and phylogenetic analysis, we identify a specific set of historical substitutions that recapitulate the evolution of the macrodomains that counteract host immune response. These evolutionary substitutions may alter and reposition the secondary structural elements to create new intra-protein contacts and, thereby, may enhance the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to inhibit host immunity. Further, we find that the unusual virulence of this virus is potentially the consequence of Darwinian selection‐driven epistasis in protein evolution. Our findings warrant further characterization of macrodomain-specific evolutionary substitutions in in vitro and in vivo models to determine their inhibitory effects on the host immune system.

Immune Responses during Human Schistosomiasis Mansoni.

1983 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 297-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. COLLEY ◽  
N. KATZ ◽  
R. S. ROCHA ◽  
W. ABRANTES ◽  
A. L. SILVA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Schistosomiasis Mansoni ◽  
Human Schistosomiasis

Immune Responses During Human Schistosomiasis Mansoni

1977 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 917-925 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel G. Colley ◽  
Joseph A. Cook ◽  
Sara E. Hieny ◽  
Richard K. Bartholomew
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Schistosomiasis Mansoni ◽  
Human Schistosomiasis

Immune Responses During Human Schistosomiasis Mansoni

1977 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 909-916 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Sher ◽  
A. E. Butterworth ◽  
D. G. Colley ◽  
J. A. Cook ◽  
G. L. Freeman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Schistosomiasis Mansoni ◽  
Human Schistosomiasis

Immune Responses During Human Schistosomiasis

1986 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 793-802 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel G. Colley ◽  
José R. Lambertucci ◽  
Juçara C. Parra ◽  
Alvaro A. Garcia ◽  
Giovanni Gazzinelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Human Schistosomiasis

scholarly journals Hepatitis A: Old and New

2001 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer A. Cuthbert
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Fecal Contamination ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Oral Intake ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Immune Serum Globulin ◽  
Serum Globulin

SUMMARY The hepatitis A virus (HAV), a picornavirus, is a common cause of hepatitis worldwide. Spread of infection is generally person to person or by oral intake after fecal contamination of skin or mucous membranes; less commonly, there is fecal contamination of food or water. Hepatitis A is endemic in developing countries, and most residents are exposed in childhood. In contrast, the adult population in developed countries demonstrates falling rates of exposure with improvements in hygiene and sanitation. The export of food that cannot be sterilized, from countries of high endemicity to areas with low rates of infection, is a potentially important source of infection. After ingestion and uptake from the gastrointestinal tract, the virus replicates in the liver and is excreted into the bile. Cellular immune responses to the virus lead to destruction of infected hepatocytes with consequent development of symptoms and signs of disease. Humoral immune responses are the basis for diagnostic serologic assays. Acute HAV infection is clinically indistinguishable from other causes of acute viral hepatitis. In young children the disease is often asymptomatic, whereas in older children and adults there may be a range of clinical manifestations from mild, anicteric infection to fulminant hepatic failure. Clinical variants include prolonged, relapsing, and cholestatic forms. Management of the acute illness is supportive, and complete recovery without sequelae is the usual outcome. Research efforts during World War II led to the development of passive immunoprophylaxis. Pooled immune serum globulin is efficacious in the prevention and attenuation of disease in exposed individuals. More recently, active immunoprophylaxis by vaccination has been accomplished. Future eradication of this disease can now be contemplated.

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