2nd-Trimester Maternal Serum Human Chorionic Gonadotropin and α-Fetoprotein Levels in Male and Female Fetuses with Down Syndrome

2005 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 235-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ofer Lehavi ◽  
Orna Aizenstein ◽  
Mark I. Evans ◽  
Yuval Yaron
Keyword(s):  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Chorionic Gonadotropin ◽  
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin ◽  
Maternal Serum ◽  
Male And Female

scholarly journals Invasive Trophoblast Antigen (Hyperglycosylated Human Chorionic Gonadotropin) in Second-Trimester Maternal Urine as a Marker for Down Syndrome: Preliminary Results of an Observational Study on Fresh Samples

2004 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 182-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenn E Palomaki ◽  
George J Knight ◽  
Marie M Roberson ◽  
George C Cunningham ◽  
Jo Ellen Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Observational Study ◽  
Chorionic Gonadotropin ◽  
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin ◽  
False Positive Rate ◽  
Serum Markers ◽  
Maternal Serum ◽  
Second Trimester ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
Hyperglycosylated Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

Abstract Background: Down syndrome screening is commonly performed in the US using maternal age and three or four second-trimester maternal serum markers that can identify up to 75% of affected pregnancies by offering diagnostic studies to 5% of women. Invasive trophoblast antigen [ITA; hyperglycosylated human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)] is a promising marker that can be measured in urine or serum in the first or second trimester. We report preliminary results for urinary ITA in an ongoing observational study. Methods: Women undergoing second-trimester amniocentesis for reasons not associated with biochemical testing provided consent and a urine (and possibly serum) sample that was tested within a few days. Demographic and pregnancy-related information was collected, along with karyotype. Screening performance was modeled for ITA alone and in combination with serum markers Results: Twelve recruitment centers collected urine from 2055 women with singleton pregnancies between 15 and 20 weeks of gestation (2023 unaffected, 28 Down syndrome, and 4 pregnancies with other chromosome abnormalities). After correction for gestational age, urine concentration, and maternal race and weight, the ITA measurements were higher in women with a Down syndrome pregnancy (median ITA, 4.33 multiples of the median). At a 75% detection rate, the false-positive rate could be reduced by substituting ITA for hCG measurements (from 5.6% to 2.6% for the triple test) or by adding ITA measurements to existing combinations (from 3.3% to 2.0% for the quadruple test). Conclusions: Our data provide preliminary confirmation of the potential usefulness of urinary ITA measurements in detecting Down syndrome in a setting that simulates routine usage.

Maternal serum Down syndrome screening: Free β-protein is a more effective marker than human chorionic gonadotropin

1990 ◽  
Vol 163 (4) ◽  
pp. 1248-1253 ◽  
Author(s):  
James N. Macri ◽  
Ramana V. Kasturi ◽  
David A. Krantz ◽  
Edward J. Cook ◽  
Norman D. Moore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Chorionic Gonadotropin ◽  
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin ◽  
Maternal Serum ◽  
Β Protein ◽  
Down Syndrome Screening

The endometrium: receptivity, implantation, and endometrial cancer as endocrine disease

2011 ◽  
pp. 1272-1287
Author(s):  
Markku Seppälä ◽  
Linda C. Giudice
Keyword(s):  
Endometrial Cancer ◽  
Chorionic Gonadotropin ◽  
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Maternal Serum ◽  
Endocrine Disease ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Morula Stage ◽  
Endometrium Receptivity ◽  
Serum And Urine

In biological terms, human life is a continuum in which male and female gametes fuse in fertilization (conception) to form an embryo. Usually fertilization takes place in the distal part of fallopian tube where the embryo remains 2–3 days, dividing at 12–15 h intervals. On day 3 the embryo has 8 cells, on day 4 a morula stage has been reached, and on day 5 the embryo forms a blastocyst and enters the uterus. The embryo hatches before it implants in the endometrium, most implantations (86%) occurring between day LH +8 and day LH +11 (1). The most reliable clinical sign of implantation is secretion of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) from the embryonic trophoblast into maternal serum and urine.

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