Vein of Galen Aneurysms:A Review and Current Perspective

2005 ◽  
pp. 216-231
Author(s):  
Michael B. Horowitz, ◽  
Charles A. Jungreis, ◽  
Ronald G. Quisling, ◽  
Ian Pollack
Keyword(s):  
Vein Of Galen ◽  
Current Perspective

An Insight into the Current Perspective and Potential Drug Targets for Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL)

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 1105-1129
Author(s):  
Rani Mansuri ◽  
Jagbir Singh ◽  
Anupama Diwan
Keyword(s):  
Drug Targets ◽  
Redox Homeostasis ◽  
World Health ◽  
Metabolism Pathway ◽  
Thiol Metabolism ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
Current Perspective ◽  
Fatal Form ◽  
Novel Target ◽  
Health Organization

Leishmaniasis is one of the six entities on the list of most important diseases of the World Health Organization/Tropical Disease Research (WHO/TDR). After Malaria, it is one of the most prevalent and lethal parasitic diseases. VL is the fatal form of this disease, especially if left untreated. The drugs that are currently available for the treatment of VL are expensive, toxic, or no longer effective, especially in endemic regions. Currently, no vaccine has been developed to immunize humans against VL. The major problems with the current drugs are the development of resistance and their adverse effects. Therefore, there is a strong urge to research and design drugs that have better efficacies and low toxicities as compared to current chemotherapeutic drugs. Leishmania has various enzymes involved in its metabolic pathways, which are unique to either the same genus or trypanosomatids, making them a very suitable, attractive and novel target sites for drug development. One of the significant pathways unique to trypanosomatids is the thiol metabolism pathway, which is involved in the maintenance of redox homeostasis as well as protection of the parasite in the macrophage from oxidative stress-induced damage. In this review the several pathways, their essential enzymes as well as the proposed changes in the parasites due to drug resistance have been discussed to help to understand the most suitable drug target. The thiol metabolism pathway is discussed in detail, providing evidence of this pathway being the most favorable choice for drug targeting in VL.

scholarly journals Comparisons of clinical characteristics, brain MRI findings, and responses to epidural blood patch between spontaneous intracranial hypotension and post-dural puncture headache: retrospective study

BMC Neurology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gha-Hyun Lee ◽  
Jiyoung Kim ◽  
Hyun-Woo Kim ◽  
Jae Wook Cho
Keyword(s):  
Intracranial Hypotension ◽  
Dural Puncture ◽  
Epidural Blood Patch ◽  
Brain Mri ◽  
Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension ◽  
Vein Of Galen ◽  
Mri Findings ◽  
Post Dural Puncture Headache ◽  
Straight Sinus ◽  
Blood Patch

Abstract Background Spontaneous intracranial hypotension and post-dural puncture headache are both caused by a loss of cerebrospinal fluid but present with different pathogeneses. We compared these two conditions concerning their clinical characteristics, brain imaging findings, and responses to epidural blood patch treatment. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the records of patients with intracranial hypotension admitted to the Neurology ward of the Pusan National University Hospital between January 1, 2011, and December 31, 2019, and collected information regarding age, sex, disease duration, hospital course, headache intensity, time to the appearance of a headache after sitting, associated phenomena (nausea, vomiting, auditory symptoms, dizziness), number of epidural blood patch treatments, and prognosis. The brain MRI signs of intracranial hypotension were recorded, including three qualitative signs (diffuse pachymeningeal enhancement, venous distention of the lateral sinus, subdural fluid collection), and six quantitative signs (pituitary height, suprasellar cistern, prepontine cistern, mamillopontine distance, the midbrain-pons angle, and the angle between the vein of Galen and the straight sinus). Results A total of 105 patients (61 spontaneous intracranial hypotension patients and 44 post-dural puncture headache patients) who met the inclusion criteria were reviewed. More patients with spontaneous intracranial hypotension required epidural blood patch treatment than those with post-dural puncture headache (70.5% (43/61) vs. 45.5% (20/44); p = 0.01) and the spontaneous intracranial hypotension group included a higher proportion of patients who underwent epidural blood patch treatment more than once (37.7% (23/61) vs. 13.6% (6/44); p = 0.007). Brain MRI showed signs of intracranial hypotension in both groups, although the angle between the vein of Galen and the straight sinus was greater in the post-dural puncture headache group (median [95% Confidence Interval]: 85° [68°-79°] vs. 74° [76°-96°], p = 0.02). Conclusions Patients with spontaneous intracranial hypotension received more epidural blood patch treatments and more often needed multiple epidural blood patch treatments. Although both groups showed similar brain MRI findings, the angle between the vein of Galen and the straight sinus differed significantly between the groups.

scholarly journals How N-Acetylcysteine Supplementation Affects Redox Regulation, Especially at Mitohormesis and Sarcohormesis Level: Current Perspective

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 153
Author(s):  
Aslı Devrim-Lanpir ◽  
Lee Hill ◽  
Beat Knechtle
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Oxidative Metabolism ◽  
Adaptive Response ◽  
Redox Regulation ◽  
Therapeutic Agent ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Metabolic Adaptations ◽  
Current Perspective ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Response To Exercise

Exercise frequently alters the metabolic processes of oxidative metabolism in athletes, including exposure to extreme reactive oxygen species impairing exercise performance. Therefore, both researchers and athletes have been consistently investigating the possible strategies to improve metabolic adaptations to exercise-induced oxidative stress. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) has been applied as a therapeutic agent in treating many diseases in humans due to its precursory role in the production of hepatic glutathione, a natural antioxidant. Several studies have investigated NAC’s possible therapeutic role in oxidative metabolism and adaptive response to exercise in the athletic population. However, still conflicting questions regarding NAC supplementation need to be clarified. This narrative review aims to re-evaluate the metabolic effects of NAC on exercise-induced oxidative stress and adaptive response developed by athletes against the exercise, especially mitohormetic and sarcohormetic response.

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