Capsular Polysaccharides and Their Role in Virulence

2004 ◽  
pp. 55-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clare M. Taylor ◽  
Ian S. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Capsular Polysaccharides

scholarly journals Capsular polysaccharides from Cryptococcus neoformans modulate production of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) by human neutrophils

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliana D. B. Rocha ◽  
Michelle T. C. Nascimento ◽  
Debora Decote-Ricardo ◽  
Suzana Côrte-Real ◽  
Alexandre Morrot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cryptococcus Neoformans ◽  
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps ◽  
Human Neutrophils ◽  
Capsular Polysaccharides ◽  
Extracellular Traps

scholarly journals Two capsular polysaccharides enable Bacillus cereus G9241 to cause anthrax-like disease

2011 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 455-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
So-Young Oh ◽  
Jonathan M. Budzik ◽  
Gabriella Garufi ◽  
Olaf Schneewind
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Capsular Polysaccharides

Implant Infections Due to Enterococci: Role of Capsular Polysaccharides and Biofilm

2005 ◽  
Vol 28 (11) ◽  
pp. 1079-1090 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Fabretti ◽  
J. Huebner
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Capsular Polysaccharide ◽  
Female Genital Tract ◽  
Teichoic Acid ◽  
Capsular Polysaccharides ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Artificial Joints ◽  
Artificial Hearts ◽  
Intravascular Catheters ◽  
Enterococcal Infections

Enterococci are natural inhabitants of the gastrointestinal tract and of the female genital tract of humans and many animals. In recent years, enterococci have been increasingly recognized as important human pathogens causing infections associated with medical devices. Their resistance to most antimicrobial agents and their ability to form biofilm has contributed to the increasing incidence of nosocomial enterococcal infections. Enterococci possess a capsular polysaccharide composed of a glycerol-teichoic acid-like molecule consisting of repeating units of 6-α-D-glucose-1-2-glycerol-3-PO4, substituted on carbon 2 with a α-2,1-linked molecule of glucose. Using both immunologic and genetic data E. faecalis can be assigned to specific serotypes based on capsular polysaccharides. Clinical examples of foreign-body infections due to enterococci are described, comprising infections of artificial joints, implanted intravascular catheters, artificial hearts and artificial valves, stents, liquor shunt devices, and intraocular infections. Methods to prevent and/or treat enterococcal infections are presented.

scholarly journals Assignment of Weight-Based Immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) and IgG2 Units in Antipneumococcal Reference Serum Lot 89-S(F) for Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Serotypes 1, 4, 5, 7F, 9V, and 18C

2005 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 218-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel J. Sikkema ◽  
Nancy A. Ziembiec ◽  
Thomas R. Jones ◽  
Stephen W. Hildreth ◽  
Dace V. Madore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Pneumococcal Infection ◽  
Capsular Polysaccharides ◽  
Standardization Method ◽  
Igg2 Antibody ◽  
Reference Serum

ABSTRACT Weight-based assignments for immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) and IgG2 subclass antibodies to Streptococcus pneumoniae capsular polysaccharides (PnPs) in antipneumococcal standard reference serum lot 89-S (lot 89-S), also known as lot 89-SF, have been determined for serotypes 1, 4, 5, 7F, 9V, and 18C. This extends the usefulness of lot 89-S beyond the IgG1 and IgG2 subclass assignments for serotypes 3, 6B, 14, 19F, and 23F made previously (A. Soininen, H. Kayhty, I. Seppala, and T. Wuorimaa, Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 5:561-566, 1998) to cover 11 major serotypes associated with the highest percentage of pneumococcal disease worldwide. A method of equivalence of absorbances in enzyme immunosorbent assays was used to determine the IgG1 and IgG2 antibody concentrations for the additional serotypes in lot 89-S, based on the subclass values previously assigned for PnPs serotypes 6B, 14, and 23F. This cross-standardization method assures consistency with previous antibody assignments in that reference serum. The newly assigned subclass values for serotype 9V, and previously assigned values for serotype 14, were used to quantitate PnPs antibodies in sera from adult and pediatric subjects immunized with a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. There was a predominance of IgG1 anti-PnPs antibodies in pediatric sera and IgG2 anti-PnPs antibodies in the adult sera. The IgG1 and IgG2 subclass assignments for the 11 PnPs serotypes in antipneumococcal standard reference serum lot 89-S are useful for quantitating and characterizing immune responses to pneumococcal infection and vaccination regimens.

scholarly journals A Peptidoglycan-Remodeling Enzyme Is Critical for Bacteroid Differentiation in Bradyrhizobium spp. During Legume Symbiosis

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 447-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Djamel Gully ◽  
Daniel Gargani ◽  
Katia Bonaldi ◽  
Cédric Grangeteau ◽  
Clémence Chaintreuil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Morphological Differentiation ◽  
Capsular Polysaccharides ◽  
Cell Enlargement ◽  
Legume Symbiosis ◽  
Bradyrhizobium Spp ◽  
Peptidoglycan Layer

In response to the presence of compatible rhizobium bacteria, legumes form symbiotic organs called nodules on their roots. These nodules house nitrogen-fixing bacteroids that are a differentiated form of the rhizobium bacteria. In some legumes, the bacteroid differentiation comprises a dramatic cell enlargement, polyploidization, and other morphological changes. Here, we demonstrate that a peptidoglycan-modifying enzyme in Bradyrhizobium strains, a DD-carboxypeptidase that contains a peptidoglycan-binding SPOR domain, is essential for normal bacteroid differentiation in Aeschynomene species. The corresponding mutants formed bacteroids that are malformed and hypertrophied. However, in soybean, a plant that does not induce morphological differentiation of its symbiont, the mutation does not affect the bacteroids. Remarkably, the mutation also leads to necrosis in a large fraction of the Aeschynomene nodules, indicating that a normally formed peptidoglycan layer is essential for avoiding the induction of plant immune responses by the invading bacteria. In addition to exopolysaccharides, capsular polysaccharides, and lipopolysaccharides, whose role during symbiosis is well defined, our work demonstrates an essential role in symbiosis for yet another rhizobial envelope component, the peptidoglycan layer.

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