scholarly journals Chemistry of Organophosphonate Scale Growth Inhibitors: 2. Structural Aspects of 2-Phosphonobutane-1,2,4-Tricarboxylic Acid Monohydrate (PBTC.H2O)

2005 ◽  
Vol 3 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 119-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Konstantinos D. Demadis ◽  
Raphael G. Raptis ◽  
Peter Baran
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Level ◽  
Cooling Water ◽  
Magnesium Silicate ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Tricarboxylic Acid ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Network Of Hydrogen Bonds ◽  
And Function ◽  
Structural Aspects

Industrial water systems often suffer from undesirable inorganic deposits, such as calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate(s), magnesium silicate, and others. Synthetic water additives such as phosphonates and phosphonocarboxylates are the most important and widely utilized scale inhibitors in a plethora of industrial applications. The design of efficient and cost-effective inhibitors, as well as the study of their structure and function at the molecular level are important areas of research. This study reports the crystal and molecular structure of PBTC (PBTC = 2-phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid), one of the most widely used scale inhibitors in the cooling water treatment industry. Triclinic PBTC monohydrate crystallizes in the P 1 space group with cell dimesions, a =7.671(1) Å, b = 8.680(1) Å, c = 9.886(1) Å, α = 65.518(2) deg, β = 71.683(2) deg, γ = 76.173(2) deg, V = 564.20(11) Å3, and Z = 2. Bond distances in the -PO3moiety are 1.4928(10) Å for the P=O double bond and 1.5294(10) Å and 1.5578(10) Å for the two -P-O(H) groups. P-C and C-O bond lengths fall in the normal range. A network of hydrogen bonds are formed between the water molecule of crystallization, the -P-OH and the -COOH groups.

scholarly journals Crystallographic Studies of Enzymes

Crystals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
T. Doohun Kim ◽  
Kyeong Kyu Kim
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Reactions ◽  
Molecular Level ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Research Papers ◽  
Functional Aspects ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
New Directions ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
And Function ◽  
Structural Aspects

Enzymes are biological catalysts, which work to accelerate chemical reactions at the molecular level in living organisms. They are major players in the control of biological processes such as replication, transcription, protein synthesis, metabolism, and signaling. Like inorganic catalysts, enzymes function by decreasing the activation energy of chemical reactions, thereby enhancing the rate of the reactions. Enzymes are widely used for chemical, food, pharmaceutical, medicinal, analytical, clinical, forensic, and environmental applications. Therefore, studies on their structure, mechanism, and function, using a wide range of experimental and computational methods, are necessary to understand better enzymes in biological processes. For this special issue, “Crystallographic Studies of Enzymes", we have collected research papers on enzymes with structural aspects and functional aspects; here we briefly discuss the contents of such research papers as follows, with the aim of suggesting new directions of investigation in the fields of enzyme research, protein engineering, and drug development.

Application of Fast Laser Deprocessing Techniques in Physical Failure Analysis on SRAM Memory of Advance Technology

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.H. Yap ◽  
P.K. Tan ◽  
G.R. Low ◽  
M.K. Dawood ◽  
H. Feng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Failure Analysis ◽  
Integrated Circuit ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Tetraethyl Orthosilicate ◽  
Ic Design ◽  
Advance Technology ◽  
Defect Identification ◽  
Technology Scaling ◽  
And Function ◽  
Metal Layers

Abstract With technology scaling of semiconductor devices and further growth of the integrated circuit (IC) design and function complexity, it is necessary to increase the number of transistors in IC’s chip, layer stacks, and process steps. The last few metal layers of Back End Of Line (BEOL) are usually very thick metal lines (>4μm thickness) and protected with hard Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) material that is formed from (TetraEthyl OrthoSilicate) TEOS as Inter-Metal Dielectric (IMD). In order to perform physical failure analysis (PFA) on the logic or memory, the top thick metal layers must be removed. It is time-consuming to deprocess those thick metal and IMD layers using conventional PFA workflows. In this paper, the Fast Laser Deprocessing Technique (FLDT) is proposed to remove the BEOL thick and stubborn metal layers for memory PFA. The proposed FLDT is a cost-effective and quick way to deprocess a sample for defect identification in PFA.

scholarly journals Remote Reflectivity Sensor for Industrial Applications

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 1301
Author(s):  
Federico Cavedo ◽  
Parisa Esmaili ◽  
Michele Norgia
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Interference Immunity ◽  
Surface Reflection ◽  
Measurement Systems ◽  
Digital Detector ◽  
Reflected Light ◽  
Surface Optical ◽  
Diffused Light

A low-cost optical reflectivity sensor is proposed in this paper, able to detect the presence of objects or surface optical properties variations, at a distance of up to 20 m. A collimated laser beam is pulsed at 10 kHz, and a synchronous digital detector coherently measures the back-diffused light collected through a 1-inch biconvex lens. The sensor is a cost-effective solution for punctual measurement of the surface reflection at different distances. To enhance the interference immunity, an algorithm based on a double-side digital baseline restorer is proposed and implemented to accurately detect the amplitude of the reflected light. As results show, the sensor is robust against ambient light and shows a strong sensitivity on a wide reflection range. The capability of the proposed sensor was evaluated experimentally for object detection and recognition, in addition to dedicated measurement systems, like remote encoders or keyphasors, realized far from the object to be measured.

scholarly journals Emerging Data on the Diversity of Molecular Mechanisms Involving C/D snoRNAs

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
Laeya Baldini ◽  
Bruno Charpentier ◽  
Stéphane Labialle
Keyword(s):  
Ribosomal Rna ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Molecular Level ◽  
Accurate Description ◽  
Small Nucleolar Rnas ◽  
Age Of Maturity ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
And Function ◽  
Nucleolar Rnas

Box C/D small nucleolar RNAs (C/D snoRNAs) represent an ancient family of small non-coding RNAs that are classically viewed as housekeeping guides for the 2′-O-methylation of ribosomal RNA in Archaea and Eukaryotes. However, an extensive set of studies now argues that they are involved in mechanisms that go well beyond this function. Here, we present these pieces of evidence in light of the current comprehension of the molecular mechanisms that control C/D snoRNA expression and function. From this inventory emerges that an accurate description of these activities at a molecular level is required to let the snoRNA field enter in a second age of maturity.

scholarly journals Marine Fish Primary Hepatocyte Isolation and Culture: New Insights to Enzymatic Dissociation Pancreatin Digestion

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 1380
Author(s):  
Neusa Figueiredo ◽  
Beatriz Matos ◽  
Mário Diniz ◽  
Vasco Branco ◽  
Marta Martins
Keyword(s):  
Cell Viability ◽  
Cell Cultures ◽  
Marine Fish ◽  
Sparus Aurata ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Primary Hepatocyte ◽  
Digestion Method ◽  
Trypan Blue Exclusion ◽  
And Function

Primary cell cultures from wild organisms have been gaining relevance in ecotoxicology as they are considered more sensitive than immortalized cell lines and retain the biochemical pathways found in vivo. In this study, the efficacy of two methods for primary hepatocyte cell isolation was compared using liver from two marine fish (Sparus aurata and Psetta maxima): (i) two-step collagenase perfusion and (ii) pancreatin digestion with modifications. Cell cultures were incubated in L-15 medium at 17 ± 1 °C and monitored for up to six days for cell viability and function using the trypan blue exclusion test, MTT test, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, and ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity after Benzo[a]Pyrene exposure. The results showed significant differences between the number of viable cells (p < 0.05), the highest number being obtained for the pancreatin digestion method (average = 4.5 ± 1.9 × 107 cells). Moreover, the hepatocytes showed solid adherence to the culture plate and the rounded shape, changing into a triangular/polygonal shape. The cell viability and function obtained by pancreatin digestion were maintained for five days, and the EROD induction after exposure to the B[a]P showed that cells were metabolically active. This study shows that the optimized pancreatin digestion method is a valid, cost-effective, and simple alternative to the standard perfusion method for the isolation of primary hepatocytes from fish and is suitable for ecotoxicological studies involving marine pollutants, such as PAHs.

scholarly journals Modeling and optimization of radish root extract drying as peroxidase source using spouted bed dryer

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahrbanoo Hamedi ◽  
M. Mehdi Afsahi ◽  
Ali Riahi-Madvar ◽  
Ali Mohebbi
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Parameters ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Air Flow ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Root Extract ◽  
Air Flow Rate ◽  
Spouted Bed ◽  
Radish Root

AbstractThe main advantages of the dried enzymes are the lower cost of storage and longer time of preservation for industrial applications. In this study, the spouted bed dryer was utilized for drying the garden radish (Raphanus sativus L.) root extract as a cost-effective source of the peroxidase enzyme. The response surface methodology (RSM) was used to evaluate the individual and interactive effects of main parameters (the inlet air temperature (T) and the ratio of air flow rate to the minimum spouting air flow rate (Q)) on the residual enzyme activity (REA). The maximum REA of 38.7% was obtained at T = 50 °C and Q = 1.4. To investigate the drying effect on the catalytic activity, the optimum reaction conditions (pH and temperature), as well as kinetic parameters, were investigated for the fresh and dried enzyme extracts (FEE and DEE). The obtained results showed that the optimum pH of DEE was decreased by 12.3% compared to FEE, while the optimum temperature of DEE compared to FEE increased by a factor of 85.7%. Moreover, kinetic parameters, thermal-stability, and shelf life of the enzyme were considerably improved after drying by the spouted bed. Overall, the results confirmed that a spouted bed reactor can be used as a promising method for drying heat-sensitive materials such as peroxidase enzyme.

scholarly journals Replicating the complexity of natural surfaces: technique validation and applications for biomimetics, ecology and evolution

2018 ◽  
Vol 377 (2138) ◽  
pp. 20180265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charchit Kumar ◽  
Alejandro Palacios ◽  
Venkata A. Surapaneni ◽  
Georg Bold ◽  
Marc Thielen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Sciences ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Small Surface ◽  
Surface Information ◽  
Cross Covariance ◽  
Unique Method ◽  
Structural Aspects

The surfaces of animals, plants and abiotic structures are not only important for organismal survival, but they have also inspired countless biomimetic and industrial applications. Additionally, the surfaces of animals and plants exhibit an unprecedented level of diversity, and animals often move on the surface of plants. Replicating these surfaces offers a number of advantages, such as preserving a surface that is likely to degrade over time, controlling for non-structural aspects of surfaces, such as compliance and chemistry, and being able to produce large areas of a small surface. In this paper, we compare three replication techniques among a number of species of plants, a technical surface and a rock. We then use two model parameters (cross-covariance function ratio and relative topography difference) to develop a unique method for quantitatively evaluating the quality of the replication. Finally, we outline future directions that can employ highly accurate surface replications, including ecological and evolutionary studies, biomechanical experiments, industrial applications and improving haptic properties of bioinspired surfaces. The recent advances associated with surface replication and imaging technology have formed a foundation on which to incorporate surface information into biological sciences and to improve industrial and biomimetic applications. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Bioinspired materials and surfaces for green science and technology’.

Review on modification strategies of polyethylene/polypropylene immiscible thermoplastic polymer blends for enhancing their mechanical behavior

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 291-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antimo Graziano ◽  
Shaffiq Jaffer ◽  
Mohini Sain
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Good Method ◽  
Waste Recycling ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Polymer Waste ◽  
Reactive Compatibilization ◽  
Brittle To Ductile Transition ◽  
Commercial Applications ◽  
Effective Product

Blends of polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) have always been the subject of intense reasearch for encouraging polymer waste recycling while producing new materials for specific applications in a sustainable way. However, being thermodynamically immiscible, these polyolefins form a binary system usually exhibiting lower performances compared with those of the homopolymers. Many studies have been carried out to better understand the PE/PP blend compatibilization for developing a high-performance and cost-effective product. Both nonreactive and reactive compatibilization promote the brittle to ductile transition for a PE/PP blend. However, the final product usually does not meet the requirements for high demanding commercial applications. Therefore, further PE/PP modification with a reinforcing filler, being either synthetic or natural, proved to be a good method for manufacturing high-performance reinforcend polymer blend composites, with superior and tailored properties. This review summarizes the recent progress in compatibilization techniques applied for enhancing the interfacial adhesion between PE and PP. Moreover, future perspectives on better understanding the influence of themodynamics on PE/PP synergy are discussed to introduce more effective compatibilization strategies, which will allow this blend to be used for innovative industrial applications.

scholarly journals Osmotic induction improves batch marking of larval fish otoliths with enriched stable isotopes

2014 ◽  
Vol 71 (9) ◽  
pp. 2530-2538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel de Braux ◽  
Fletcher Warren-Myers ◽  
Tim Dempster ◽  
Per Gunnar Fjelldal ◽  
Tom Hansen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotopes ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Larval Fish ◽  
Fish Larvae ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Chemical Markers ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Recent Method ◽  
Batch Marking

Abstract Otolith marking with enriched stable isotopes via immersion is a recent method of batch marking larval fish for a range of research and industrial applications. However, current immersion times and isotope concentrations required to successfully mark an otolith limit the utility of this technique. Osmotic induction improves incorporation and reduces immersion time for some chemical markers, but its effects on isotope incorporation into otoliths are unknown. Here, we tested the effects of osmotic induction over a range of different isotope concentrations and immersion times on relative mark success and strength for 26Mg:24Mg, 86Sr:88Sr and 137Ba:138Ba on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) larvae. 71% and 100% mark success were achieved after 1 h of immersion for 86Sr (75 µg L−1) and 137Ba (30 µg L−1) isotopes, respectively. Compared with conventional immersion, osmotic induction improved overall mark strength for 86Sr and 137Ba isotopes by 26–116%, although this effect was only observed after 12 h of immersion and predominately for 86Sr. The results demonstrate that osmotic induction reduces immersion times and the concentrations of isotope required to achieve successful marks. Osmotically induced isotope labels via larval immersion may prove a rapid and cost-effective way of batch marking fish larvae across a range of potential applications.

A 12-pulse rectifier with passive harmonic reduction based on UIPT in more electric aircrafts

Circuit World ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rohollah Abdollahi
Keyword(s):  
Power Factor ◽  
Harmonic Distortion ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Input Current ◽  
New Combination ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Harmonic Reduction ◽  
Simulation Results

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide a T autotransformer based 12-pulse rectifier with passive harmonic reduction in more electric aircraft applications. The T autotransformer uses only two main windings which result in volume, space, size, weight and cost savings. Also, the proposed unconventional inter-phase transformer (UIPT) with a lower kVA rating (about 2.6% of the load power) compared to the conventional inter-phase transformer results in a more harmonic reduction. Design/methodology/approach To increase rating and reduce the cost and complexity of a multi-pulse rectifier, it is well known that the pulse number must be increased. In some practical cases, a 12-pulse rectifier (12PR) is suggested as a good solution considering its simple structure and low weight. But the 12PR cannot technically meet the standards of harmonic distortion requirements for some industrial applications, and therefore, they must be used with output filters. In this paper, a 12PR is suggested, which consists of a T autotransformer 12PR and a passive harmonic reduction (PHR) based on the UIPT at direct current (DC) link. Findings To show the advantage of this new combination over other solutions, simulation results are used, and then, a prototype is implemented to evaluate and verify the simulation results. The simulation and experimental test results show that the input current total harmonic distortion (THD) of the suggested 12PR with a PHR based on UIPT is less than 5%, which meets the IEEE 519 requirements. Also, it is shown that in comparison with other solutions, it is cost effective, and at the same time, its power factor is near unity, and its rating is 29.92% of the load rating. Therefore, it is obvious that the proposed rectifier is a practical solution for more electric aircrafts. Originality/value The contributions of this paper are summarized as follows. The suggested design uses a retrofit T autotransformer, which meets all technical constraints, and in comparison, with other options, has less rating, weight, volume and cost. In the suggested rectifier, a PHR based on UIPT at its dc link of 12PR is used, which has good technical capabilities and lower ratings. In the PHR based on UIPT, an IPT is used, which has an additional secondary winding and four diodes. This solution leads to a reduction in input current THD and conduction losses of diodes. In full load conditions, the input line current THD and power factor are 4% and 0.99, respectively. The THD is less than 5%, which satisfies IEEE-519 and DO-160G requirements.

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