scholarly journals Multidrug-Resistant and Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Saba Gebremichael Tekele ◽  
Dejenie Shiferaw Teklu ◽  
Melese Hailu Legese ◽  
Daniel Gebretsadik Weldehana ◽  
Melaku Ashagrie Belete ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Automated System ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Clinical Specimens

Background. The emergence and spread of multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria have become a public health problem in recent years. For the last many years, carbapenem antibiotics have been used successfully to treat infections caused by MDR Enterobacteriaceae. However, recently, Enterobacteriaceae producing carbapenemases have emerged, which confer broad resistance to most β-lactam antibiotics including carbapenems. Therefore, this study is aimed at determining the magnitude of MDR and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) isolated from various clinical specimens in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to April 2018. A total of 312 Enterobacteriaceae isolates were identified from various clinical specimens. The Phoenix automated system (BD Phoenix100) was used for bacterial identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Potential carbapenemase producers were confirmed by the modified carbapenem inactivation test, and KPC, MBL, and OXA-48 were phenotypically characterized by the disk diffusion method. The data obtained were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 20 software. Descriptive statistics, chi square, bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed. P value ≤ 0.05 with corresponding 95% confidence interval was considered for statistical significance. Results. A total of 312 Enterobacteriaceae were recovered. Of these isolates, 68.6% were MDR and 2.6% were CPE with different classes including OXA-48 1.6% (5/312), MBL 0.6% (2/312), and KPC and OXA-48 0.3% (1/312). The predominant bacterial isolates were E. coli 72.4% (226/312) followed by K. pneumoniae 13.8% (43/312). The antibiotic resistance rates of CPE isolates were significantly higher than other MDRE including ampicillin (100% versus 77.6%), cefoxitin (75% versus 20.6%), and piperacillin/tazobactam (50% versus 13.1%). Conclusion. In this study, a relatively higher prevalence of MDR was observed, and the highest resistance was recorded against ampicillin, amoxicillin with clavulanic acid, and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim. Detection of CPE is important for implementing appropriate antimicrobial therapy and in controlling the spread of the infection. Furthermore, continuous screening and investigations, including genotypic characterization of CPE, are required for the prevention and control of the spread of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile ofSalmonellaSerovars Isolated from Slaughtered Cattle in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lidya Ketema ◽  
Zerihun Ketema ◽  
Bitsu Kiflu ◽  
Haile Alemayehu ◽  
Yitagele Terefe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Resistance Rate ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Specific Pcr

Salmonellais one of the top causes of foodborne bacterial illnesses in humans. The primary sources of humanSalmonellainfection are food producing animals such as cattle, poultry, and swine. A cross-sectional study was undertaken to estimate the prevalence and to determine the serovar distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles ofSalmonellaspp. isolated from fecal (n=567) and carcass swab (n=159) samples of slaughtered cattle at Addis Ababa Abattoir Enterprise and Kara’alo PLC, Abattoirs, in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia between January 2014 and April 2015.Salmonellaisolation was conducted according to Global Foodborne Infections Network Laboratory Protocol and isolates were confirmed by genus specific PCR and serotyped by slide agglutination test. Susceptibility of the isolates to 17 antimicrobials was testedusing the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method according to the guidelines of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Out of the total 726 samples examined, 27 (3.7%) were positive forSalmonella. Salmonellawas detected in 4.1% (23/567) fecal and 2.5% (4/159) carcass swab samples. Twelve different serovars were identified and the most predominant serovars wereS. Dublin (n=10, 35.7%) andS. Virchow (n=5, 17.9%), followed byS. Braendrerup,S. Haifa, andS. Saintpaul which were isolated from 2 samples each (7.1%). All of theSalmonellaisolates investigated were resistant or intermediately resistant to four or more of the 17 drugs tested. High resistance rate was recorded to streptomycin 25 (89.3%), cephalothin 20 (71.4%), ampicillin 19 (67.9%), and amoxicillin+clavulanic acid 19 (67.9%). Resistance to five or more antimicrobials was detected in 20 (71.5%) of the isolates. Multidrug resistance to more than 7 antimicrobials was detected in 5 (17.9%) of the isolates. Isolation of such multidrug resistant strains ofSalmonellafrom slaughtered cattle poses a major public health concern. These findings imply the need for a strict biosecurity and regulation of antimicrobial use across the country.

scholarly journals β-lactamases (bla TEM, bla SHV, bla CTXM-1, bla VEB, bla OXA-1) and class C β-lactamases gene frequency in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from various clinical specimens in Khartoum State, Sudan: a cross sectional study

F1000Research ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 774
Author(s):  
Dina N. Abdelrahman ◽  
Aya A. Taha ◽  
Mazar M. Dafaallah ◽  
Alaa Abdelgafoor Mohammed ◽  
Abdel Rahim M. El Hussein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Clinical Specimens ◽  
Class C

Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a pathogenic bacterium, causing nosocomial infections with  intrinsic and acquired resistance mechanisms to a large group of antibiotics, including β-lactams. This study aimed to determine the susceptibility pattern to selected antibiotics and to index the first reported β-lactamases genes frequency in Ps. aeruginosa in Khartoum State, Sudan. Methods: 121 Ps. aeruginosa clinical isolates from various clinical specimens were used in this cross sectional study conducted in Khartoum State. Eighty isolates were confirmed as Ps. aeruginosa through conventional identification methods and species specific primers. The susceptibility pattern of the confirmed isolates to selected antibiotics was done following the Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method. Multiplex PCR was used for detection of seven β-lactamase genes (blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCTXM-1, blaVEB, blaOXA-1, blaAmpC and blaDHA). Results: Of the 80 confirmed Ps. aeruginosa isolates, 8 (10%) were resistant to Imipenem while all isolates were resistant to Amoxicillin and Amoxyclav (100%). A total of 43 (54%) Ps. aeruginosa isolates were positive for blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCTXM-1, blaVEB and blaOXA-1 genes, while 27 (34%) were positive for class C β- Lactamases, and 20 (25%) were positive for both classes. Frequency of beta-lactamases genes was as follows: blaTEM, 19 (44.2%); blaSHV, 16 (37.2%); bla CTX-M1, 10 (23.3%); blaVEB, 14 (32.6%); blaOXA-1, 7 (16.3%). blaAmpC 22 (81.5%) and bla DHA 8 (29.6%).  In total, 3 (11.1%) isolates were positive for both bla AmpC and blaDHA genes. Conclusion: Ps. aeruginosa isolates showed a high rate of β- lactamases production, with co-resistance to other antibiotic classes. The lowest resistance rate of Ps. aeruginosa was to Imipenem followed by Gentamicin and Ciprofloxacin. No statistically significant relationship between production of β-lactamases in Ps. aeruginosa and resistance to third generation cephalosporins was found.

scholarly journals Contamination of the Surfaces of a Health Care Environment by Multidrug-Resistant (MDR) Bacteria

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laila Chaoui ◽  
RajaaAit Mhand ◽  
Fouad Mellouki ◽  
Naima Rhallabi
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Hospital Environment ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Health Care Environment ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Gram Negative

Nosocomial infections (NIs) are known worldwide and remain a major problem despite scientific and technical advances in the field of health. The severity of the infection depends on the characteristics of the microorganisms involved and the high frequency of resistant pathogens in the hospital environment. The aim of this study is to determine the distribution of pathogenic bacteria (and their resistance to antibiotics) that spread on hospital surfaces, more specifically, on those of various departments in the Provincial Hospital Center (PHC) of Mohammedia, Morocco. A cross-sectional study was conducted from March 2017 to April 2018. Samples were collected by swabbing the hospital surfaces, and the isolated bacteria were checked for their susceptibility to antibiotics by the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method following the standards of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Among 200 swab samples, 176 (88%) showed bacterial growth. Gram-negative isolates were predominant at 51.5% (101/196), while the Gram-positives were at 48.5% (95/196). The main isolates are Enterobacteria weighted at 31.6% (62/196), Staphylococcus aureus reaching 24% (47/196), Pseudomonas aeruginosa at 9.2% (18/196), and Acinetobacter spp. with 3.3% (6/196). Moreover, the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of the isolates showed that about 31.7% (32/101) of the Gram-negative isolates were found to be MDR. This resistance is also high among isolates of S. aureus of which 44.7% (20/47) were methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Contamination of hospital surfaces by MDR bacteria is a real danger to public health. The concept of environmental bacterial reservoir is a reality that requires strict compliance with current guidelines and recommendations for hand hygiene, cleaning, and disinfection of surfaces in hospitals.

Status of Histopathology Services In Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Vol 154 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S120-S120
Author(s):  
G O Yeabyo
Keyword(s):  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Status ◽  
Prevention Of Cancer ◽  
Great Public Health ◽  
Cancer Diseases

Abstract Introduction/Objective Cancer is one of a great public health problem in developing countries like Ethiopia and scarcity of histopathology laboratory is another burden for diagnosis and follow up of cancer diseases. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the accessibility of histopathology services in Ethiopia. Methods Cross sectional study design were used to analyze the status of histopathology services in Ethiopia. Results There are 13 histopathology laboratories in the nation and a survey was conducted at these institutions. Out of these 13 Histopathology services seven are located in the capital, Addis Ababa and six found out of the capital located in four different regions. About 40,239,100 habitants have no histopathology service around their catchment area. Conclusion There are very limited histopathology laboratories, as a result diagnosis and prevention of cancer diseases are inadequate throughout the country.

scholarly journals Urinary tract infections and antibiotic susceptibility among the patients attending B & D hospital of Lalitpur, Nepal

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 47-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yadav Prasad Joshi ◽  
Shreejeet Shrestha ◽  
Russell Kabir ◽  
Anita Thapa ◽  
Parbati Upreti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Tract Infection ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Tract Infections

Background:Urinary tract infection is the most common bacterial infections in humans and serious health problem in many parts of the world. It has become more complicated in treatment due to different pathogens and increasing resistant to antimicrobial agents. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of urinary tract infection and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of pathogens among the patients attending in B & B hospital Nepal.Materials and Methods:A hospital based cross sectional study was conducted in between April 2010 to March 2011. Urine samples were collected from clinically suspected patients and tested bacteriologically using standard procedures. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed for isolated pathogen using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines.Results:Out of 1260 examined specimens 25.24 % were positive and majority 61.64% were females.  The most common pathogens isolated were Escherichia coli (66.67%), Enterococcus (7.55%) and Staphylococcus (6.60 %). The drug resistant among the positive cases were reported. The highest resistant of positive cases was found with Cefexime (87.88%) and Enterococcus with Ampicillin (66.67%) and Staphyllococcus with Cloxacillin (66.67%). The highest susceptibility was for Vancomycin and Ampicillin i.e. 33.33% in each.Conclusion:The findings showed that E. coli isolates were the predominant pathogen and the presence of bacterial isolates with very high resistance to the commonly prescribed drugs. As drug resistance among bacterial pathogens is an evolving process and serious issue. Therefore, routine surveillance and monitoring studies should be conducted to provide physicians knowledge on the updated and most effective empirical treatment of UTIs. Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.7(5) 2016 47-51

scholarly journals Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Production in Uropathogens Isolated from Hospitalized Patients with Chronic Pyelonephritis

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga I Chub ◽  
Aleksandr V Bilchenko ◽  
Igor Khalin
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Hospitalized Patients ◽  
Chronic Pyelonephritis ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Beta Lactamase ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽  
Extended Spectrum ◽  
Tract Infections

Background : Increased multidrug resistance of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) compromises the efficacy of treatment of urinary tract infections. Objective : The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of ESBL-producing uropathogens from hospitalized patients with chronic pyelonephritis and to identify the presence of genes involved in the resistance. Methods : A cross-sectional study of 105 patients with chronic pyelonephritis, treated in Kharkiv City Clinical Emergency Hospital, Ukraine was carried. Bacterial isolates were collected, antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates was determined by the Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method and screening for the presence of blaSHV, blaTEM, blaCTX-M ESBL genes was performed by polymerase chain reaction. Results : 84 (80%) patients had positive urine cultures. Eschеrichia coli wаs the most common microorganism isolated. Among them, 29 (25.2%) were found to be ESBL producers. Out of 53 E. coli isolates, 10 (18.9%), 4 (7.5%) and 6 (11.3%) were identified to carry bla(TEM), bla(SHV) and bla(CTX-M) beta-lactamase genes, respectively. The highest resistance was observed against ampicillin (75.9%), ciprofloxacin (48.3%), levofloxacin (41.4%) and gentamicin (41.4%). Beside this, only meropenem (96.6% susceptibility), nitroxolinum (86.2%) and fosfomycin (72.4%) exhibited a good enough activity against ESBLs-producing urinary strains. Conclusion : Isоlation and detеction of ESBL-prоducing strаins are еssential fоr the sеlection оf the mоst effеctive antibiоtic for the empiric trеatment.

scholarly journals Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Antibiogram of Nontyphoidal Salmonella from Beef in Ambo and Holeta Towns, Oromia Region, Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Endrias Zewdu Gebremedhin ◽  
Gezahegn Tafesse Soboka ◽  
Bizunesh Mideksa Borana ◽  
Lencho Megersa Marami ◽  
Edilu Jorga Sarba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Food Safety ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Food Of Animal Origin

Background. Salmonella has been recognized as a major cause of food-borne illness associated with the consumption of food of animal origin. The present cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2017 to May 2018 in Ambo and Holeta towns to assess the prevalence, risk factors, and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of nontyphoidal Salmonella isolates from raw beef samples from abattoirs, butchers, and restaurants in Ambo and Holeta towns, Oromia region, Ethiopia. Methods. A total of 354 beef samples were collected from abattoirs, butchers, and restaurants. Salmonella isolation and identification were carried out using standard bacteriological methods recommended by the International Organization for Standardization. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the disk diffusion method. Besides, a structured questionnaire was used to collect sociodemographic data and potential risk factors for contamination of meat. Chi-square tests and logistic regression were used for data analyses. Results. Of the total 354 meat samples examined, 20 (5.7%, 95% confidence interval (CI): 3.5–8.6) were positive for Salmonella. Two serotypes belonging to S. typhimurium (11 isolates) and I:4,5,12: i:- (9 isolates) were identified. The Salmonella detection rate in abattoirs, butchers, and restaurants was 4.2% (5/118), 8.5% (10/118), and 4.2% (5/118), respectively. The antimicrobial susceptibility test showed that 40%, 30%, and 20% of the Salmonella isolates were resistant to azithromycin, amoxicillin, and ceftriaxone, respectively. The odds of Salmonella isolation when meat handlers are illiterate were 7.8 times higher than those when they are educated to the level of secondary and above ( P = 0.032 ). Similarly, the likelihood of Salmonella isolation was 6.3 and 7.6 times higher among workers of butcher and restaurants, respectively, who had no training ( P = 0.003 ) and no knowledge ( P = 0.010 ) on food safety and hygiene. Conclusions. The study showed widespread multidrug-resistant Salmonella isolates in the study areas. Therefore, raw meat consumption and indiscriminate use of antimicrobial drugs should be discouraged. Provision of food safety education for meat handlers and further surveillance of antimicrobial-resistant isolates are suggested.

scholarly journals Assessment of Knowledge and Attitude of Tuberculosis Patients in Direct Observation Therapy Program towards Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Firew Tadesse Kusheno ◽  
Teklehaimanot Mezgebe Nguse ◽  
Gebremedhin Beedemariam Gebretekle
Keyword(s):  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Therapy Program ◽  
Resistant Tuberculosis ◽  
Multidrug Resistant Tuberculosis ◽  
Health Centres ◽  
Mdr Tb ◽  
Knowledge And Attitude

Background. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is becoming a major challenge of tuberculosis (TB) control program globally but more serious in developing countries like Ethiopia. In 2013, a survey result showed that in Ethiopia, tuberculosis patients from new cases and retreatment cases had resistance to at least isoniazid and rifampicin with a significant increase over time. Inadequate knowledge and wrong perception about MDR-TB by patients were detrimental to TB control programs. The study aimed at assessing the knowledge and attitude of TB patients of direct observation therapy program towards multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in health centres of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 10 health centres of Addis Ababa which were selected by simple random sampling technique. A total of 422 TB patients were included in the study, and participants from each health centres were taken proportional to the number of clients in each health centres. Data was entered and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Association between outcome and independent variables was explored using logistic regression. Results. The level of knowledge of TB patients about MDR-TB was poor and only 55.0% of TB patients attained good overall knowledge. A significant association was found between good knowledge and attending tertiary level of education (AOR=4.3, 95%CI=1.9, 9.8), gender (AOR=1.62, 95%CI=1.1, 2.4), income of respondents’ family (OR=0.4, 95%CI=0.2, 0.9), and sleeping practice (AOR=8.0, 95%CI=4.0, 15.7). Nearly three-fourths (73.5%) of TB patients had a favourable attitude towards MDR-TB. Occupational status (AOR=4.4, 95%CI=2.5, 7.6) and sleeping practices (AOR=2.4, 95%CI=1.2, 5.0) were significantly associated with the attitude of the TB patients. Conclusions. Knowledge of TB patients toward MDR-TB was poor. Although a large proportion of patients had a favourable attitude, it still needs to be improved. Hence, efforts should be made to implementing health education to improve awareness of TB patients about MDR-TB.

scholarly journals Bacterial Profile and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of the Isolates from Stethoscope, Thermometer, and Inanimate Surfaces of Mizan-Tepi University Teaching Hospital, Southwest Ethiopia

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teshale Worku ◽  
Dejene Derseh ◽  
Abera Kumalo
Keyword(s):  
Teaching Hospital ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
University Teaching ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Southwest Ethiopia ◽  
E Coli

Background. Nosocomial infections occur among patients during their stay in hospitals. The severity of infection depends on the characteristics of microorganisms with a high risk of being acquired when the environment is contaminated. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are emerging rapidly around the globe creating a serious threat. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2016–February 2017 at Mizan-Tepi University Teaching Hospital, Southwest Ethiopia. Samples were collected from the equipment and hospital surfaces. The isolated bacteria were checked for susceptibility by the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method following the standards of CLSI 2014. Health professionals and sanitary team members were included in the study which assessed the disinfection practice of objects from which samples were taken. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.0. Results. A total of 201 swab samples were taken, and most bacteria were recovered from thermometer and floor consisting of 21.6% S. aureus, 19.3% CoNS, 15.9% E. coli, 14.8% Klebsiella species, 11.4% P. aeruginosa, 10.2% Proteus species, and 6.8% Serratia species. The most multidrug resistant organisms were S. aureus (79%), Klebsiella species (53.8%), CoNS (47%), and Proteus species (44.4%). Only 6.45% of health professionals disinfect their stethoscope consistently. Conclusion. S. aureus, CoNS, and E. coli were the predominant isolates. Most isolates showed highest susceptibility to ciprofloxacin and least to ampicillin and penicillin. There is no regular sanitation and disinfection of hospital equipment and surfaces.

scholarly journals β-lactamases (bla TEM, bla SHV, bla CTXM-1, bla VEB, bla OXA-1) and class C β-lactamases gene frequency in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from various clinical specimens in Khartoum State, Sudan: a cross sectional study

F1000Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 774
Author(s):  
Dina N. Abdelrahman ◽  
Aya A. Taha ◽  
Mazar M. Dafaallah ◽  
Alaa Abdelgafoor Mohammed ◽  
Abdel Rahim M. El Hussein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Clinical Specimens ◽  
Class C

Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a pathogenic bacterium, causing nosocomial infections with intrinsic and acquired resistance mechanisms to a large group of antibiotics, including β-lactams. This study aimed to determine the susceptibility pattern to selected antibiotics and to index the first reported β-lactamases gene (extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) genes and class C β-lactamases genes) frequency in Ps. aeruginosa in Khartoum State, Sudan. Methods: 121 Ps. aeruginosa clinical isolates from various clinical specimens were used in this cross-sectional study conducted in Khartoum State. A total of 80 isolates were confirmed as Ps. aeruginosa through conventional identification methods and species-specific primers (the remaining 40 isolates were other bacterial species). The susceptibility pattern of the confirmed isolates to selected antibiotics was done following the Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method. Multiplex PCR was used for detection of seven β-lactamase genes (blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCTXM-1, blaVEB, blaOXA-1, blaAmpC and blaDHA). Results: Of the 80 confirmed Ps. aeruginosa isolates, 8 (10%) were resistant to Imipenem while all isolates were resistant to Amoxicillin and Amoxyclav (100%). A total of 43 (54%) Ps. aeruginosa isolates were positive for ESBLs genes, while 27 (34%) were positive for class C β-lactamases, and 20 (25%) were positive for both classes. Frequency of ESBLs genes was as follows: blaTEM, 19 (44.2%); blaSHV, 16 (37.2%); blaCTX-M1, 10 (23.3%); blaVEB, 14 (32.6%); and blaOXA-1, 7 (16.3%). Occurrence of class C β-lactamases genes was blaAmpC 22 (81.5%) and blaDHA 8 (29.6%). In total, 3 (11.1%) isolates were positive for both blaAmpC and blaDHA genes. Conclusion: Ps. aeruginosa isolates showed a high rate of β-lactamases production, with co-resistance to other antibiotic classes. The lowest resistance rate of Ps. aeruginosa was to Imipenem followed by Gentamicin and Ciprofloxacin. No statistically significant relationship between production of β-lactamases in Ps. aeruginosa and resistance to third generation cephalosporins was found.

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