scholarly journals Sonographic Assessment of the Normal and Abnormal Feline Mammary Glands and Axillary and Inguinal Lymph Nodes

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Nayara S. Moraes ◽  
Naida C. Borges
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Axillary Lymph Nodes ◽  
Axillary Lymph ◽  
Reproductive Control ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Draining Lymph Nodes ◽  
Ultrasound Features ◽  
Group 1

Ultrasound has been used as a diagnostic tool in normal mammary glands and mammary tumors of several species. This study aims to describe the B-mode and Doppler ultrasound features of the mammary glands and draining lymph nodes in 32 adult female cats. Group 1 (G1) consisted of 22 cats without changes in the mammary glands. The average age was 45 ± 25.09 months, where 63.6% (n = 14) were neutered and 31.8% (n = 7) had received progestin at some point for reproductive control. Mammary gland structure was predominantly hypoechoic and homogeneous, with well-defined margins. The average thickness was 1.52 ± 1.59 mm, although it may be affected by estrus, pregnancy, and lactation. In G1, 100% of lymph nodes were homogeneous, 98% were hypoechoic, and 100% were with well-defined margins and hilar vascularization. Group 2 (G2) consisted of 10 cats with mammary nodules. The average age was 88.8 ± 40.5 months, and 70% were intact and all had already received progestin. Ultrasound demonstrated enlarged mammary glands, with nodules of different textures clinically, mainly affecting the abdominal mammary glands (61%). In 33.33%, there were visible mammary ducts. Only 54.17% were homogeneous, 95.83% were hypoechoic, and the margins were regular in 52.08%. Lymph nodes in abnormal mammary chains may present changes in size, shape, echotexture, and echogenicity. Ultrasound examination of the mammary glands and lymph nodes are possible to evaluate the entire mammary chain as well the superficial inguinal and axillary lymph nodes for abnormalities in the feline.

scholarly journals Near-Infrared Fluorescence Imaging of Breast Cancer and Axillary Lymph Nodes After Intravenous Injection of Free Indocyanine Green

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Bourgeois ◽  
Isabelle Veys ◽  
Danielle Noterman ◽  
Filip De Neubourg ◽  
Marie Chintinne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Fluorescence Imaging ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Axillary Lymph Nodes ◽  
Axillary Lymph ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Near Infrared Fluorescence Imaging ◽  
Group 1

BackgroundNear-infrared fluorescence imaging (NIRFI) of breast cancer (BC) after the intravenous (IV) injection of free indocyanine green (fICG) has been reported to be feasible. However, some questions remained unclarified.ObjectiveTo evaluate the distribution of fICG in BC and the axillary lymph nodes (LNs) of women undergoing surgery with complete axillary LN dissection (CALND) and/or selective lymphadenectomy (SLN) of sentinel LNs (NCT no. 01993576 and NCT no. 02027818).MethodsAn intravenous injection of fICG (0.25 mg/kg) was administered to one series of 20 women undergoing treatment with mastectomy, the day before surgery in 5 (group 1) and immediately before surgery in 15 (group 2: tumor localization, 25; and pN+ CALND, 4) as well as to another series of 20 women undergoing treatment with tumorectomy (group 3). A dedicated NIR camera was used for ex vivo fluorescence imaging of the 45 BC lesions and the LNs.ResultsIn group 1, two of the four BC lesions and one large pN+ LN exhibited fluorescence. In contrast, 24 of the 25 tumors in group 2 and all of the tumors in group 3 were fluorescent. The sentinel LNs were all fluorescent, as well as some of the LNs in all CALND specimens. Metastatic cells were found in the fluorescent LNs of the pN+ cases. Fluorescent BC lesions could be identified ex vivo on the surface of the lumpectomy specimen in 14 of 19 cases.ConclusionsWhen fICG is injected intravenously just before surgery, BC can be detected using NIRFI with high sensitivity, with metastatic axillary LNs also showing fluorescence. Such a technical approach seems promising in the management of BC and merits further investigation.

Does Open Biopsy Before Mastectomy Affect the Prevalence of So-called Axillary Lymph Node Micrometastases Detected Immunohistochemically?

1999 ◽  
Vol 123 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-142
Author(s):  
Giovanni De Petris ◽  
Douglas R. Gnepp ◽  
John D. Henley
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Node ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Axillary Dissection ◽  
Axillary Lymph Nodes ◽  
Axillary Lymph ◽  
Open Biopsy ◽  
Surgical Biopsy ◽  
Node Negative ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Hematoxylin Eosin

Abstract Objective.—To determine the effect of a previous open biopsy on the presence of immunohistochemically detected micrometastases, particularly single cells, in axillary lymph nodes in patients with “node-negative” invasive breast carcinoma. Methods.—Node-negative breast cancer patients were divided into group 1 (diagnostic frozen-section biopsy with immediate mastectomy and axillary dissection) and group 2 (open surgical biopsy with temporally delayed mastectomy and axillary dissection). Archival slides of lymph nodes were examined and new sections stained with hematoxylin-eosin and immunohistochemically with a cytokeratin cocktail to detect micrometastases. Results.—Four (12%) of 33 patients had unequivocal lymph node metastases on additional hematoxylin-eosin sections (3 cases) or review of original material (1 case). Immunohistochemical analysis contributed additional data in only 1 group 2 patient. In this case a single strongly keratin-positive sinus-based cell was detected in 1 lymph node. Conclusion.—The study suggests that previous surgical biopsy of the breast does not increase the incidence of immunohistochemically detected keratin positive cells in axillary lymph nodes.

Preoperative prediction of the axillary lymph nodes status in patients with breast cancer

2006 ◽  
Vol 24 (18_suppl) ◽  
pp. 10547-10547
Author(s):  
E. Angelidou ◽  
G. Sotiropoulou ◽  
E. Poulianou ◽  
E. Politi ◽  
H. Koutselini
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Axillary Lymph ◽  
Versus Group ◽  
Node Positive ◽  
Positive Rate ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

10547 Background: We developed a preoperative score-system (S) and evaluated prospectively its predictive value for the axillary(a) status of patients (p) with breast cancer. Our aim was to select preoperatively (p) with negative axilla, who could possibly avoid the standard (a) surgery. (S) uses preoperative clinical, epidemiological and immunocytological data, obtained from the FNA-smears of (p)‘ tumors, and attempts to guide the choice of (a) treatment, as an alternative to the method of sentinel lymph node. Methods: (S) is calculated by adding the preoperative values of clinical tumor size, (p) age, nuclear grade (NG), type of the cancer cells and the immunocytochemical positiveness of the biomarkers p53, HER2 and MIB1. Values range from 1–4 for size (1–10, 11–15, 16–20, 20–30 mm), 1 to 4 for age (70 and over, 51–69, 41–50, 40 years or less), 1–3 for NG1–3, 1–2 for type of cancer cells (lobular, ductal) respectively and 0–3 for the expression (1 point for every positive biomarker) or absence (0) of p53, HER2 and MIB1 in the FNA of the primary tumors of the (p). (S) ranges from 4 to 16.We applied (S) to 224 (p), with clinically negative axilla. These (p) underwent modified radical mastectomy or lumpectomy and standard (a) dissection level I and II. The number of the infiltrated nodes was identified in each case. Results: (S) of 4 - 8 (57 patients, group 1) identify (p) with free nodes ( node positive rate 0%). (S) of 9 and 10 (67 patients, group 2) carry an average node positive rate of 65,67%, of which 31,34% involves the invasion of 1 node, 23,88% of 2–3 and 10,44% of 4 or more nodes (P < 0.001, group 1 versus group 2). (S) of 11 and more (100 patients, group 3) identify (p) with an average node positive rate of 83%, of which 55% involves the invasion of 4 or more nodes (P < 0.001, group 3 versus group 1). (S) allows the separation of (p) into two (a) management groups. Group 1 are those (p), who possibly have free lymph nodes and therefore may need no (a) surgery at all, whereas group 2 and 3 may be considered for standard (a) dissection, because they present with increased possibility infiltrated nodes. Conclusion: (S) was studied to aid the selection of (p) towards reasonable (a) treatment choices for the benefit of (p). (S) might serve as a guideline in the clinical practice to reduce the postoperative morbidity of the breast cancer (p). No significant financial relationships to disclose.

An Unusual Metastasis of Posterior Neck and Axillary Lymph Nodes from Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 23-27
Author(s):  
Yong Tae Hong ◽  
◽  
Phan Huu Ngoc Minh ◽  
Ki Hwan Hong ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Axillary Lymph Nodes ◽  
Axillary Lymph ◽  
Posterior Neck
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