scholarly journals Endophytic Fungi from Alstonia boonei De Wild and Greenwayodendron suaveolens (Engl. and Diels) Verdc. subsp. Suaveolens Possess Inhibitory Activity against Pneumonia Causing Bacteria

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Paola Cynthia Emoh Demeni ◽  
Patrick Hervé Diboue Betote ◽  
Christelle Wayoue Kom ◽  
Eric Ngalani Tchamgoue ◽  
Esther Del Florence Ndedi Moni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Microdilution Method ◽  
Methanolic Extracts ◽  
Bactericidal Effects ◽  
Inhibition Zones

This study evaluated the antibacterial efficacy of methanolic extracts of isolated endophytic fungi from stem barks and leaves of Alstonia boonei De Wild and Greenwayodendron suaveolens (Engl. and Diels) Verdc. subsp. Suaveolens against Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 43816, Haemophilus influenzae ATCC 49247, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, and Escherichia coli ATCC 35218, responsible for causing pneumonia. The endophytic fungi were isolated and characterized in the Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA), Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA), and Czapek Dox Agar (CDA) media. The fungi and their methanolic extracts were tested for in vitro antibacterial potential by antagonistic assay for endophytic fungi against bacterial pathogens and microdilution method. The phytochemical screening of extracts was carried out according to the colorimetric and precipitation methods to reveal the presence of secondary metabolites. The results showed that 24 macroscopically and microscopically distinct endophytic fungi were isolated, identified, and stored. These endophytic fungi possessed antibacterial activity against the selected bacterial strains with inhibition zones ranging from 7.00 to 25.00 mm. The endophytic fungi GS15 and AB24 have presented the inhibitions zones of 20.33 mm and 25.00 mm, respectively, and these were better than the ones obtained for Levofloxacin®. The endophytes with inhibition zones greater than 10 mm were used for extraction of their secondary metabolites. The endophytic fungi extracts showed antibacterial activity with the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 6.25 × 10−4 to 2 × 10−2 g/L and the minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) ranging from 2.5 × 10−3 to 2 × 10−2 g/L. The endophytic fungi GS15 extract was the most effective extract; it showed bactericidal effects on the tested bacterial strains. The phytochemical screening of the extracts revealed the presence of secondary metabolites classes, responsible for causing the obtained antibacterial activity. Thus, the endophytic fungi methanolic extracts from A. boonei and G. suaveolens have the potential to inhibit the growth of bacteria responsible for nosocomial pneumonia.

scholarly journals In-Vitro Antibacterial Activity of Endophytic Fungi from Peganum harmala (Laghouat, Algeria)

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3-s) ◽  
pp. 47-51
Author(s):  
Yasmina Ouzid ◽  
Siliya Karaoui ◽  
Noria Smail Saadoun ◽  
Karim Houali
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Significant Activity ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Peganum Harmala ◽  
Bioactive Substances ◽  
Significant Difference

Medicinal plants are an inexhaustible source of molecules. They are colonized by mycoendophytes, fungi living in their tissues without apparent symptoms. These fungi can provide secondary metabolites with biological activities. It is with this in mind that we are interested in a spontaneous plant from the dayas region (Laghouat, Algeria): Peganum harmala or Harmel, a toxic medicinal plant belonging to the family Zygophyllaceae. Our study consists in highlighting the antibacterial activity of four kinds of mycoendophytes: Cladosporium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium isolated from the leaves of this plant. The antibacterial activity is evaluated by the technique of the double disk diffusion on agar with respect to some Gram-positive bacterial strains. We have adopted two protocols for this purpose. For the first, the mycelia of all the mushrooms are deposited in the same petri dish. For the second, a single disc of the mycelium of a single species is deposited per box. The results obtained show a difference in the sensitivity of the bacterial strains to the bioactive substances of the mycoendophytes studied. The Alternaria genus showed the most significant activity. ANOVA performed between the mean diameters of the mycoendophyte inhibition zones and the antibiotic test disc: Chloramphenicol showed a highly significant difference between these two measurements. The Newman-Keuls test revealed a difference in the susceptibility of bacterial strains to the secondary metabolites of fungus mycoendophytes of Peganum harmala according to the two protocols used. The antibacterial effect is related to interactions between endophytic fungi and their host plant.

Synthesis and Antibacterial Activities of Amidine Substituted Monocyclic β-Lactams

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lijuan Zhai ◽  
Lili He ◽  
Yuanbai Liu ◽  
Ko Ko Myo ◽  
Zafar Iqbal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Antimicrobial Effect ◽  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
Lead Target ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Microdilution Method ◽  
Broth Microdilution Method ◽  
Clinical Interest

Background: Mononcyclic β-lactams are regarded as the most resistant class of β-lactams against a series of β-lactamases though possess limited antibacterial activity. Aztreonam being the first clinically approved monobactam needs broad-spectrum efficacy through structural modification. Objective: We strive to synthesize a number of monocyclic β-lactams by varying the substituents at N1, C3 and C4 positions of azetidinone ring and study the antimicrobial effect on variable bacterial strains. Methods: Seven new monobactam derivatives 23a-g, containing substituted-amidine moieties linked to the azetidinone ring via thiazole linker, were synthesized through multistep synthesis. The final compounds were investigated for their in vitro antibacterial activities using broth microdilution method, against ten bacterial strains of clinical interest. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of newly synthesized derivatives were compared with aztreonam, ceftazidime and meropenem, existing clinical antibiotics. Results: All compounds 23a-g showed higher antibacterial activities (MIC 0.25 µg/mL to 64 µg/mL) against tested strains as compared to aztreonam (MIC 16 µg/mL to >64 µg/mL) and ceftazidime (MIC >64 µg/mL). However all compounds, except 23d, exhibited lower antibacterial activity against all tested bacterial strains as compared to meropenem. Conclusion: Compound 23d showed comparable or improved antibacterial activity (MIC 0.25 µg/mL to 2 µg/mL) to meropenem (MIC 1 µg/mL to 2 µg/mL) in case of seven bacterial species. Therefore, compound 23d may be valuable lead target for further investigations against multi-drug resistant Gram-negative bacteria.

Phytochemical Screening, Antibacterial and Synergistic activity of Dittrichia Viscosa Extracts against Multi-Resistant Pathogenic Bacteria

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 01-06
Author(s):  
Rhazi Fouzia
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Antibacterial Effect ◽  
Synergistic Activity ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Dittrichia Viscosa ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Ethanolic Extracts

Study contextual: Faced with the global problem of antimicrobial resistance, and the use of traditional medicine for the research of antibacterial biomolecules. Aim: our work focused on the valorization of a medicinal plant Dittrichia viscosa which has many therapeutic and culinary virtues worldwide. Methods: To do this, a phytochemical screening of the leafy stems of the plant is carried out according to a set of physicochemical reactions, as well as an in vitro evaluation of the antibacterial activity, of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts against multi-resistant bacterial strains, by microdilution technique on microplates. An evaluation of the synergistic interaction between extracts and weakened antibiotics against pathogenic bacteria was also highlighted in this study. Results: The tests revealed the richness of Dittrichia viscosa species by tannins, flavonoids, saponosides, sterols and triterpenes. As for the antibacterial effect, the MICs range from 0.858±0.29 to 66.66 ± 0.00 mg / ml and the MBCs from 4.300 ± 1.01 to 11.610 ± 2.31 mg / ml is an interesting antibacterial activity. Regarding the combination of extracts with antibiotics tested, it revealed a synergistic action inducing an amplification of the antibacterial power of Penicillin, Imipenem and Erythromycin with a rate that reaches 471%. Conclusion: The results of this study show that the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Dittrichia viscosa have interesting and promising antibacterial activity in the pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic industries.

scholarly journals Antibacterial Activity of Endophytic Fungi from Sembukan (Paederia foetida L.) Leaves

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 189-195
Author(s):  
Hary Widjajanti ◽  
Christina Vivid Handayani ◽  
Elisa Nurnawati
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Antibacterial Properties ◽  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Paederia Foetida

The antibiotic resistance of phatogenic bacteria has become a serious health problem and has encouraged the search for novel and effective antimicrobial metabolites. Meanwhile, endophytic fungi have great potential as a natural source for antimicrobial agents. The endophytic fungi that live in plant tissue produces secondary metabolites which potentially act as an antibacterial compound. The isolation of fungi for antibacterial sources reduces the large amount of plant as a source of antibacterial agents. Hence, this study aims to obtain endophytic fungi isolates from Paederia foetida L. that are capable of producing secondary metabolites as antibacterial, carry out in vitro tests to verify the antibacterial properties of secondary metabolites of the Paederia foetida L. endophytic fungi, and identify the potential of Paederia foetida L. endophytic fungi in producing antibacterial compounds. The antibacterial activity was tested against Escherichia coli ATCC8739 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC6538 while seven isolates of endophytic fungi that potentially produced antibacterial were obtained from Sembukan (P. foetida L.). The results showed that antibacterial activities of SL1, SL4 and SL6 secondary metabolites against S. aureus ATCC6538 and E. coli ATCC8739 were moderate to strong activities. Furthermore, the Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC) of secondary metabolites extract of SL1 against S. aureus ATCC6538 value was 250 ????g/mL while the values of MIC extract of SL4 against S. aureus ATCC6538 and E. coli ATCC8739 were 125 ????g/mL and 250 ????g/mL respectively and MIC extract of SL6 against E. coli ATCC8739 value was 125 ????g/mL. The secondary metabolites extract of SL1 isolate were alkaloid and tannin, SL4 were phenolic and alkaloid while SL6 isolate were alkaloid and terpenoid. Hence, endophytic fungi SL1 isolate was identified as Fusarium sp., SL4 as Dematophora sp., and SL6 isolate as Acremonium sp.

scholarly journals In vitro Antibacterial Activity of Libanotis montana Essential Oil in Combination with Conventional Antibiotics

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1400900 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dragoljub L. Miladinović ◽  
Budimir S. Ilić ◽  
Tatjana M. Mihajilov-Krstev ◽  
Jovana L. Jović ◽  
Marija S. Marković
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Microdilution Method ◽  
Broth Microdilution Method

The chemical composition and antibacterial activity were examined of Libanotis montana Crantz subsp. leiocarpa (Heuff.) Soó. (Apiaceae) essential oil. Gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry were used to analyze the chemical composition of the oil. The antibacterial activity was investigated by the broth microdilution method against thirteen bacterial strains. The interactions of the essential oil and three standard antibiotics: tetracycline, streptomycin and chloramphenicol toward five selected strains were evaluated using the microdilution checkerboard assay in combination with chemometric methods: principal components analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis. Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons were the most abundant compound class in the oil (67.2%), with β-elemene (40.4%) as the major compound. The essential oil exhibited slight antibacterial activity against the tested bacterial strains in vitro, but the combinations L. montana oil-chloramphenicol and L. montana oil-tetracycline exhibited mostly either synergistic or additive interactions. These combinations reduced the minimum effective dose of the antibiotics and, consequently, minimized their adverse side effects. In contrast, the association of L. montana essential oil and streptomycin was characterized by strong antagonistic interactions against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922. In the PCA and HCA analyses, streptomycin stood out and formed a separate group.

Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Acer syriacum by Bioautography Method

1970 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 3215-3219
Author(s):  
B. Al Asfour ◽  
R. Al-kayali ◽  
A. Kitaz
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Methanolic Extract ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Extract ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumonia ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
In Vitro Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Inhibition Zones ◽  
Layer Chromatography

antibacterial activity of leaves, fruits and bark of acer syriacum was evaluated against both negative and positive gram bacterial strains. The powder of above parts were sequentially extracted with aqueous methanol 80%, acetone and petroleumether by maceration. The in vitro antibacterial activity of A. syriacum extracts (in concentration of 200 mg/mL) was performed by agar well diffusion method. Among the tested extracts, leaves methanolic extract has shown the highest growth inhibition. Further, the extract was fractionated, separated by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and submitted to bioautography. the results indicate that the ethyl acetate extract had  the most efficient antibacterial  compounds that displayed inhibition zones (25 mm) against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923 and (28mm) against Klebsiella pneumonia ATCC700603. the clear zones were located at RF= 0.15.

scholarly journals Screening phytochimique des extraits méthanoliques des feuilles de Combretum collinum et des racines de Anogeisus leiocarpus et effet antibactérien in vitro sur des souches de Staphylococcus aureus multirésistantes

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 2362-2372
Author(s):  
Moussa Bamba ◽  
Christel Neut ◽  
Simon Bordage ◽  
Soro Dramane ◽  
Jules Kouadio N’guessan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Antibacterial Properties ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Plantes Médicinales ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Methanolic Extracts ◽  
Anogeissus Leiocarpus

Anogeissus leiocarpus (DC.) Guill. & Perr. (Combretaceae) et Combretum collinum Fresen. (Combretaceae) sont deux plantes de la flore ivoirienne couramment utilisées pour traiter plusieurs pathologies telles que les affections cutanées, le paludisme et la fatigue générale. Ce travail s’inscrit dans le cadre de la valorisation de cette flore. Il vise donc à évaluer l’activité antibactérienne des extraits méthanoliques bruts des feuilles de Combretum collinum et des écorces de racines de Anogeissus leiocarpus sur la croissance "in vitro" des souches de Staphylococcus aureus résistantes à la méticilline. La méthode de diffusion en milieu gélosé (solide) a été utilisée pour évaluer la sensibilité des souches bactériennes aux extraits et à déterminer les concentrations minimales inhibitrices (CMI), Quant au screening phytochimique, il a été réalisé par une chromatographie sur couche mince (CCM). La concentration minimale inhibitrice est comprise entre 0,62 mg/ml et 1,25 mg/ml pour Anogeissus leiocarpus et est de 0,325 mg/ml pour Combretum collinum. Le screening phytochimique a révélé la présence de flavonoïdes et de tanins dans l’extrait méthanolique de Anogeissus leiocarpus alors que dans l’extrait méthanolique de Combretum collinum, ce sont des acides phénoliques qui ont été mis en évidence. Il ressort donc que ces deux plantes sont dotées d’un important pouvoir antibactérien et contiennent plusieurs composés chimiques. Elles pourraient donc constituer des voies de prospection pour la recherche de nouvelles molécules antibactériennes en réalisant une étude bio-guidée des extraits bruts et en évaluant leur cytotoxicité sur des cellules hépatiques saines.Mots clés: Antibactérienne, plantes médicinales, flore ivoirienne, extraits methanoliques English Title: Phytochemical screening of methanolic extracts from leaves of Combretum collinum and roots of Anogeisus leiocarpus and in vitro antibacterial effect on multiresistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus Both Anogeissus leiocarpus (DC.) Guill. & Perr. (Combretaceae) and Combretum collinum Fresen. (Combretaceae) are Ivorian national flora plants commonly used in treating skin disorders, malaria, and general fatigue. The current study consists of the valorization of this flora, and aims therefore at revealing antibacterial activity of the methanol crude extracts obtained from stem bark and leaves of the respective plants, against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains. Agar gel diffusion method was used to assess bacteria susceptibility, and broth dilution method allowed determination of minimum inhibition concentrations (MICs). These parameters varied from 0.62 mg/ml to 1.25 mg/ml for Anogeissus leiocarpus, while they reached 0.325 mg/ml for Combretum collinum. In addition, phytochemical screening brought about flavonoids and tanins for the plant, and phenolic acids for the other one. In conclusion, these named plants contain several chemical compounds with antibacterial properties, and could be of great interest in the search of new molecular compounds provided with antibacterial activity through bio-guided experiments. Furthermore, they could best hold value by testing those methanol extracts over hepatic sane cells for cytotoxicity assessment. Keywords: antibacterial, medicinal plants, Ivorian national flora, methanolic extracts.    

ANTIBACTERIAL, ANTIOXIDANT AND PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF PALESTINIAN MALLOW, MALVA SYLVESTRIS L.

2020 ◽  
pp. 12-16
Author(s):  
SAHAR DOWEK ◽  
SEEMA FALLAH ◽  
REZQ BASHEER-SALIMIA ◽  
MOHANNAD JAZZAR ◽  
ABDEL QAWASMEH
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Volatile Compounds ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Methanolic Extracts ◽  
Wide Range

Objective: To evaluate antibacterial, antioxidant activities, the existence of the major secondary metabolites, and volatile compounds in methanolic extracts from M. sylvestris leaves. Methods: Antibacterial activity was assessed using a well diffusion method. Antioxidant activity was assessed using ABTS●+and DPPH● free radical scavenging assays. Phytochemical screening for secondary metabolites and volatile compounds were done following standard techniques and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Results: Methanolic extracts exhibited moderate antibacterial activity compared with the positive control against the gram-negative Klebsiella pneumoniae and the gram-positive bacteria’s Staphylococcus aureus by 47.2 and with 47.1% respectively. The average percentage of scavenging was 97.82±0.05 and 79.49±0.4 for ABTS•+and DPPH●, correspondingly. Total phenols were quantitatively estimated and found to be 78.9±9.55 mg GAE/g. Phytochemical screening assays revealed the presence of a wide range of phytochemical groups such as alkaloids flavonoids, phenols, tannins, quinones, saponins, steroids, tannins, terpenoides with at least sixteen volatile compounds detected in the plant. Conclusion: The present study confirmed the antioxidant activity of the methanolic extract of M. sylvestris and the existence of is the volatile compounds (phytol), which mediate, even partially, the antioxidant and the claimed analgesic activity of the plant.

Phytochemical Screening, Antibacterial and Synergistic activity of Dittrichia Viscosa Extracts against Multi-Resistant Pathogenic Bacteria

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 01-06
Author(s):  
Rhazi Filali Fouzia ◽  
Ennacerie Fatima-Zahra ◽  
Ed-Dra Abdelaziz ◽  
Zekkouri Badr ◽  
Bentayeb Amar
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Antibacterial Effect ◽  
Synergistic Activity ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Dittrichia Viscosa ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Ethanolic Extracts

Study contextual: Faced with the global problem of antimicrobial resistance, and the use of traditional medicine for the research of antibacterial biomolecules. Aim: our work focused on the valorization of a medicinal plant Dittrichia viscosa which has many therapeutic and culinary virtues worldwide. Methods: To do this, a phytochemical screening of the leafy stems of the plant is carried out according to a set of physicochemical reactions, as well as an in vitro evaluation of the antibacterial activity, of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts against multi-resistant bacterial strains, by microdilution technique on microplates. An evaluation of the synergistic interaction between extracts and weakened antibiotics against pathogenic bacteria was also highlighted in this study. Results: The tests revealed the richness of Dittrichia viscosa species by tannins, flavonoids, saponosides, sterols and triterpenes. As for the antibacterial effect, the MICs range from 0.858±0.29 to 66.66 ± 0.00 mg / ml and the MBCs from 4.300 ± 1.01 to 11.610 ± 2.31 mg / ml is an interesting antibacterial activity. Regarding the combination of extracts with antibiotics tested, it revealed a synergistic action inducing an amplification of the antibacterial power of Penicillin, Imipenem and Erythromycin with a rate that reaches 471%. Conclusion: The results of this study show that the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Dittrichia viscosa have interesting and promising antibacterial activity in the pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic industries.

scholarly journals In Vitro Antibacterial Activity of Myrtus communis L. and Marrubium vulgare L. Leaves against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Eikenella corrodens

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Kaoutar Dib ◽  
Yahia Cherrah ◽  
Sana Rida ◽  
Abdelkarim Filali-Maltouf ◽  
OumKeltoum Ennibi
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Methanolic Extract ◽  
Aggregatibacter Actinomycetemcomitans ◽  
Myrtus Communis ◽  
Periodontal Pathogens ◽  
Eikenella Corrodens ◽  
Methanolic Extracts ◽  
Marrubium Vulgare ◽  
Inhibition Zones

Background and Objectives. It has been shown that Myrtus communis and Marrubium vulgare have antibacterial activity against bacterial and fungal strains of different diseases. This study aimed to evaluate in vitro the antibacterial activity of aqueous and methanolic extracts of Myrtus communis and Marrubium vulgare leaves against selected periodontal pathogens. Materials and Methods. Clinical strains of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Eikenella corrodens and two reference strains of A. actinomycetemcomitans were tested. The antibacterial activity of each studied plant extract was evaluated using agar diffusion and broth microdilution assays. Results. Both aqueous and methanolic extracts of M. communis exhibited high antibacterial activity against periodontal pathogens as compared to M. vulgare extracts. At concentrations of 2.5-0.32 mg/disc, inhibition zones of the methanolic extract of M. communis ranged from 19.66 ± 0.57 to 12.33 ± 0.57 mm. The methanolic extract of M. vulgare showed at concentrations of 5-0.63 mg/disc inhibition zones ranging from 15.66 ± 0.57 to 12 ± 0.00 mm. Its aqueous extract at concentration of 0.63 mg/disc showed no antimicrobial activity against the clinical and reference strain of A. actinomycetemcomitans. Conclusion. This study showed that methanolic and aqueous extracts of M. communis and M. vulgare have in vitro an antibacterial activity against periodontal pathogens. They could be use as ingredients of an oral antimicrobial agent for prevention or treatment of periodontal diseases. Further research on isolating the compounds from these plant extracts and their toxicity effect could be conducted.

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