scholarly journals Monitoring of Anesthesia by Bispectral Analysis of EEG Signals

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Lamia Bouafif
Keyword(s):  
Anesthetic Management ◽  
Postoperative Recovery ◽  
Depth Of Anesthesia ◽  
Bispectral Analysis ◽  
Intensive Care Monitoring ◽  
Clinical Observations ◽  
Real Time Measurement ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Light Sleep

Background. In intensive care, monitoring the depth of anesthesia during surgical procedures is a key element in the success of the medical operation and postoperative recovery. However, despite the development of anesthesia thanks to technological and pharmacological advances, its side effects such as underdose or overdose of hypnotics remain a major problem. Observation and monitoring must combine clinical observations (loss of consciousness and reactivity) with tools for real-time measurement of changes in the depth of anesthesia. Methodology. In this work, we will develop a noninvasive method for calculating, monitoring, and controlling the depth of general anesthesia during surgery. The objective is to reduce the effects of pharmacological usage of hypnotics and to ensure better quality recovery. Thanks to the overall activity of sets of neurons in the brain, we have developed a BIS technique based on bispectral analysis of the electroencephalographic signal EEG. Discussion. By collecting the electrical voltages from the brain, we distinguish light sleep from deep sleep according to the values of the BIS indicator (ranging from 0 : sleep to 100 : wake) and also control it by acting on the dosage of propofol and sevoflurane. We showed that the BIS value must be maintained during the operation and the anesthesia at a value greater than 60. Conclusion. This study showed that the BIS technology led to an optimization of the anesthetic management, the adequacy of the hypnotic dosage, and a better postoperative recovery.

Effects of hypercapnia on ECoG and oxidative metabolism in neonatal dog brain

1995 ◽  
Vol 78 (6) ◽  
pp. 2272-2278 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Yoshioka ◽  
H. Miyake ◽  
D. S. Smith ◽  
B. Chance ◽  
T. Sawada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Activity ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Respiratory Enzymes ◽  
Arterial Pco2 ◽  
A Value ◽  
Electrocorticogram Ecog ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Mitochondrial Respiratory

The effects of hypercapnia on cerebral electrical activity and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation were studied in the anesthetized neonatal dog by using the electrocorticogram (ECoG) and 31P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Three levels of hypercapnia with arterial PCO2 values of approximately 70, 100, and 140 Torr reduced the intracellular pH of the brain from 7.11 to 6.99, 6.87, and 6.76, respectively. These levels of hypercapnia also reduced ADP concentration ([ADP]) from 21.5 to 18.1, 14.8, and 12.9 microM as well as the average ECoG power output by 20, 30, and 40%. A Michaelis-Menten relationship for the mitochondrial respiratory enzymes was fitted with [ADP] and the change in the average ECoG. The result suggests that mitochondrial respiration is regulated by [ADP] and that the in vivo Michaelis-Menten constant for ADP was 21 microM, a value close to the in vitro value. The mitochondrial maximal reaction velocity was reduced by only 10% during hypercapnia and showed no relationship with the degree of acidosis, suggesting that mitochondrial respiratory enzymes are not responsible for the inhibition of the brain electrical activity.

scholarly journals Postoperative agitation syndrome in young children with perinatal damage to the central nervous system

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 355-360
Author(s):  
V.I. Snisar ◽  
O.S. Pavlysh
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Postoperative Period ◽  
Anesthetic Management ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Postoperative Recovery ◽  
Inhalation Anesthesia ◽  
Ventriculoperitoneal Shunting ◽  
The Central Nervous System

One of the complications of the postoperative period in children is postanesthetic agitation, a significant emotional and uncontrollable worry, clouding of consciousness, feeling of anxiety and fear, inappropriate behavior, irritability, inconso­lable crying, aggressive and negative attitude towards parents and medical staff. Postoperative agitation is very important for clinicians and hospitals, it has a risk of harming a patient, staying longer in the ward after anesthesia, and increasing the period of postoperative recovery. The frequency of postoperative agitation depends on age group. Most often agitation occurs in young children. There is evidence that agitation can also be due to the immature nervous system and a consequence of pathological conditions of the central nervous system (asthenoneurotic syndrome, encephalopathy, hyperactivity syndrome, perinatal posthypoxic and organic brain lesions, history of prematurity, epilepsy, psychophysical and speech delay, etc.). That is why the goal of our research was to study the patterns of clinical manifestations of postoperative agitation syndrome in children with prenatal da­mage to the central nervous system. The work was performed based on the analysis of the postoperative period in 109 young children: 59 patients with acquired hydrocephalus, who underwent ventriculoperitoneal shunting, and 50 children without neurological disorders in whom reconstructive surge­ries were carried out. Depending on the type anesthetic management, each group was divided into two subgroups: children, who received inhalation anesthesia with sevoflurane, and those, who received total intravenous anesthesia using propofol. In the postoperative period, the behavior of children was assessed on a Pediatric Ane­sthesia Emergence Delirium scale 30 minutes after anesthesia was completed. Criterion for the development of agitation was the presence of excitement in a child with a score of ≥ 10 points. Study showed that young children with perinatal damage to the central nervous system and children whose anesthetic provision is carried out using sevoflurane are the most vulnerable to the development of agitation syndrome. Agitation in such children is more pronounced and longer. These cases require prediction, detection and active surveillance.

scholarly journals Multimodal anesthesia and analgesia at the stages of the perioperative period in children with abdominal surgical pathology

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-31
Author(s):  
Elmira A. Satvaldieva ◽  
Otabek Ya. Fayziev ◽  
Anvar S. Yusupov
Keyword(s):  
General Anesthesia ◽  
Postoperative Period ◽  
Surgical Intervention ◽  
Anesthetic Management ◽  
Perioperative Period ◽  
Postoperative Recovery ◽  
Surgical Pathology ◽  
Abdominal Organ ◽  
Epidural Blockade ◽  
Abdominal Operations

Aim of the study was assess both the effectiveness and safety of anesthetic management and optimizing postoperative anesthesia under conditions of multimodal anesthesia and analgesia during abdominal operations in children. Patients and methods. The authors examined 58 children aged 1 to 17 years with abdominal operations (malformations, diseases, and abdominal organ injuries). To ensure anesthetic protection, patients underwent combined general anesthesia with propofol and fentanil (induction) with inhalation of sevoflurane + propofol intra venous (maintenance) in combination with epidural blockade with bupivacaine. Results. According to surgical intervention, the arrangement of perioperative analgesic protection provided a favorable correction of the hemodynamic status of patients, a decrease in inhalation anesthetic, promoted a smooth course of the postoperative period, a long painless period, an excellent psychoemotional background, and rapid postoperative recovery.

scholarly journals Clinical Electroencephalography for Anesthesiologists

2015 ◽  
Vol 123 (4) ◽  
pp. 937-960 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick L. Purdon ◽  
Aaron Sampson ◽  
Kara J. Pavone ◽  
Emery N. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Brain State ◽  
Anesthesia Care ◽  
Depth Of Anesthesia ◽  
State Monitoring ◽  
Inhaled Anesthetics ◽  
Anesthesia Monitoring ◽  
Brain States ◽  
Index Value ◽  
The Brain

Abstract The widely used electroencephalogram-based indices for depth-of-anesthesia monitoring assume that the same index value defines the same level of unconsciousness for all anesthetics. In contrast, we show that different anesthetics act at different molecular targets and neural circuits to produce distinct brain states that are readily visible in the electroencephalogram. We present a two-part review to educate anesthesiologists on use of the unprocessed electroencephalogram and its spectrogram to track the brain states of patients receiving anesthesia care. Here in part I, we review the biophysics of the electroencephalogram and the neurophysiology of the electroencephalogram signatures of three intravenous anesthetics: propofol, dexmedetomidine, and ketamine, and four inhaled anesthetics: sevoflurane, isoflurane, desflurane, and nitrous oxide. Later in part II, we discuss patient management using these electroencephalogram signatures. Use of these electroencephalogram signatures suggests a neurophysiologically based paradigm for brain state monitoring of patients receiving anesthesia care.

A Computational Model of Continuous Hollow Cerebrovascular Arterioles Using a Fractal L-System

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas S. Cuitino ◽  
Benjamin Johannesson ◽  
Assimina A. Pelegri
Keyword(s):  
Hollow Structure ◽  
The Body ◽  
Large Strains ◽  
Tree Model ◽  
A Value ◽  
Curative Care ◽  
L System ◽  
Branching Angle ◽  
D Model ◽  
The Brain

There is a need for better 3-D model representations of cerebrovasculature particularly on the order of arterioles. Such a model would have many applications and could be a useful tool for those conducting studies involving the brain and its function. The load bearing effects of the vasculature can be better studied with such a model, such as in the case of large strains. In addition, by having a continuous hollow structure, studies involving flow properties can be conducted at a whole scale rather than in a segmented view. Such studies are critical to the advancement of knowledge about the brain and its mechanics which can lead to advancements in preventative and curative care, as well as preventative safety measures. The model developed in this paper could serve as a tool in such studies. A fractal L-system is used to define the branching nature of the model. As such a growing tree structure is developed and characterized by its bifurcation at the end of a vessel segment. The index of bifurcation, α, is a parameter that controls the behavior of the two generated daughter vessels. The model presented here grows from a single parent branch into a bifurcation each of which then bifurcates as many times as specified. The length and diameter of the two daughter vessels will be a function of the respective parent’s length and diameter as well as a value α. The branching angle of the two daughter vessels will be entirely controlled by α. The hollow continuous nature of the model allows for it to be used as a representation of the arteriole structures in the brain. There is also use for such a model in other areas of the body, however, this study will focus on the representation of the cerebrovasculature. The end result is a branching tree model generated in Abaqus which is continuous, hollow and capable of extensive generation with uses in modeling complex cerebrovascular mechanics.

Intraoperative Monitoring of Central Neurophysiology

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan D. Legatt ◽  
Marc R. Nuwer ◽  
Ronald G. Emerson
Keyword(s):  
Intraoperative Monitoring ◽  
Corticospinal Tract ◽  
Motor Evoked Potentials ◽  
Anesthetic Management ◽  
Depth Of Anesthesia ◽  
Central Nervous System Function ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Anesthetic Agents ◽  
Nervous System Function ◽  
Signal Changes

This chapter covers neurophysiological intraoperative monitoring (NIOM). It describes the relevant neurophysiological signals, their anatomical sources, the techniques used to record them, the manner in which they are assessed, and possible causes of intraoperative signal changes. Techniques used include electroencephalography (EEG), electromyography, and auditory, somatosensory, and motor evoked potentials. Some of these techniques can be used to localize and identify areas of cerebral cortex or the corticospinal tract. Recording of the electromyogram generated by reflex activity can be used to evaluate central nervous system function in some circumstances. EEG can be used to assess depth of anesthesia. Signals can be affected by anesthesia, and the chapter discusses various anesthetic agents, their effects on signals, and considerations for anesthetic management during NIOM. Personnel performing NIOM must be knowledgeable about the anatomy and physiology underlying the signals, the technology used to record them, and the factors (including anesthesia) that can affect them.

Role of the brain stem in generating the 2- to 6-Hz oscillation in sympathetic nerve discharge

1993 ◽  
Vol 265 (5) ◽  
pp. R1026-R1035 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Zhong ◽  
Z. S. Huang ◽  
G. L. Gebber ◽  
S. M. Barman
Keyword(s):  
Brain Stem ◽  
Sympathetic Nerve ◽  
Cervical Spinal Cord ◽  
Ventrolateral Medulla ◽  
Population Activity ◽  
A Value ◽  
Decerebrate Cats ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Nerve Discharge

We tested the hypothesis that brain stem circuits normally generate a 2- to 6-Hz oscillation in sympathetic nerve discharge (SND). Experiments were performed on baroreceptor-denervated decerebrate cats and urethan-anesthetized rats in which renal or splanchnic SND was recorded along with field potentials (population activity) from sites in the rostral ventrolateral medulla, medullary raphe, or medullary lateral tegmental field. Our major findings were as follows. 1) Population activity recorded from the three medullary regions contained a 2- to 6-Hz oscillation. 2) The 2- to 6-Hz oscillation in population activity recorded from some medullary sites was correlated to that in SND. Peak coherence in the 2- to 6-Hz band approached a value of 1 in some cases. 3) Whereas cervical spinal cord transection abolished or markedly reduced SND, the 2- to 6-Hz oscillation in medullary activity was essentially unchanged. These results support the view that the 2- to 6-Hz oscillation in SND can be generated in the brain stem of cats and rats.

Acoustic Neurinoma in a Child: A Case Study

1978 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 506-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Frank ◽  
Mark May ◽  
Peter J. Jannetta
Keyword(s):  
Postoperative Recovery ◽  
Team Approach ◽  
Acoustic Neurinoma ◽  
Discrimination Ability ◽  
Reduced Word ◽  
Hearing Ability ◽  
Acoustic Reflexes ◽  
Word Discrimination ◽  
The Brain

This case study reports the audiological and surgical findings for a nine-year-old boy with an acoustic neurinoma. He was suspected of having a right ear retrocochlear lesion following three audiological evaluations in four years. The initial evaluation indicated normal hearing ability. The second and third evaluations indicated a progressive right ear hearing loss, characterized by reduced word discrimination ability and absent acoustic reflexes. The patient had a 5 cm acoustic neurinoma compressing and adherent to the brain stem. The tumor was successfully removed following three operations employing an otoneurological and neurosurgical team approach through a retromastoid exposure. Postoperative recovery was uneventful. Facial nerve function was not disturbed, however attempts to preserve hearing on the involved side were not successful.

scholarly journals Anesthetic Considerations in Microlaryngoscopy and Direct Laryngoscopy

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-14
Author(s):  
Indrani Hemantkumar ◽  
Anand Nirgude
Keyword(s):  
Direct Laryngoscopy ◽  
Preoperative Evaluation ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Airway Disease ◽  
Postoperative Recovery ◽  
Successful Outcome ◽  
Depth Of Anesthesia ◽  
Intraoperative Care ◽  
Anesthetic Agents ◽  
Anesthetic Considerations

ABSTRACT Patients for microlaryngoscopy (ML Scopy) and direct laryngoscopy (DL Scopy) may present to the anesthesiologist from all ages, including pediatric, adult, and geriatric age groups. Proper preoperative evaluation, adequate intraoperative care, monitoring, and postoperative monitoring will provide successful outcome in these patients. These procedures are daycare procedures. The aim of anesthesiologist while dealing with such patients is maintaining adequate depth of anesthesia, maintaining adequate ventilation to the patients while giving enough time to the surgeon to diagnose and evaluate the definitive cause of airway disease. Anesthesiologists need to share the airway or maintain the ventilation in such a way as to give the surgeon proper and good visualization of the patient's airway. Use of shortacting and potent anesthetic agents will provide adequate intraoperative depth of anesthesia and speed up awakening and hence the postoperative recovery of the patient. How to cite this article Nirgude A, Hemantkumar I. Anesthetic Considerations in Microlaryngoscopy and Direct Laryngoscopy. Int J Otorhinolaryngol Clin 2017;9(1):10-14.

scholarly journals PERANCANGAN VIDEO STEREOSCOPIC 3D DENGAN 2 KAMERA SMARTPHONE MENGGUNAKAN METODE COLOR ANAGLYPH

Respati ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (23) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sucipto Sucipto
Keyword(s):  
Video Processing ◽  
3D Imaging ◽  
Average Score ◽  
Stereoscopic Video ◽  
Shooting Technique ◽  
Stereoscopic 3D ◽  
Average Value ◽  
A Value ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Brain

3D Stereoscopy also called stereoscopic or 3D imaging refers to a technique for creating or enhancing the illusion of depth to the picture by presenting two offset images separately to the left and right eye of the viewer. Two-dimensional images are then combined in the brain to give the perception of 3D depth. One method to represent the level of depth with stereoscopic. Two stereoscopic images are stacked, there will be the so-called image disparity (disparity image) that is separate duplicate images because of the different parallax. Disparity image is created because of stereobase, ie the distance between the camera lens axis. The distance between the two cameras, can be analogous to the distance of the two eyes are large 65 mm.                Factors that affect the stereoscopic video is video processing performed by optimization of standard anaglyph, with color correction and gamma level of the video, shooting technique and the distance between the object lens with the camera, it is supported by the change in value significantly between techniques establishing shot (ES), tracking shot (TS) and a panning shot (PS). tracking shot (TS). distance between an object lens with the camera also has an effect, on the first visible value of 75 lux at a distance object with camera lenses over 20 meters were taken using a technique establishing shot (ES) has a value score an average of 4.6 to 6.8 while tracking shot (TS) have the highest scores, with an average score of 6.6 to 9, while for objects recorded average value is the highest PK (Pusat Keramaian) object with an average score of 2.6 object followed by a PA (Pemandangan Alam) object with an average score of 2.4. Keyword : stereoscopic, disparity, parallax, stereobase, gamma.

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