scholarly journals Toxicity of Nanoparticles in Biomedical Application: Nanotoxicology

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Chukwuebuka Egbuna ◽  
Vijaykumar K. Parmar ◽  
Jaison Jeevanandam ◽  
Shahira M. Ezzat ◽  
Kingsley C. Patrick-Iwuanyanwu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aspect Ratio ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Surface Coating ◽  
Biomedical Application ◽  
Reactive Species ◽  
The Body ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Skin Contact

Nanoparticles are of great importance in development and research because of their application in industries and biomedicine. The development of nanoparticles requires proper knowledge of their fabrication, interaction, release, distribution, target, compatibility, and functions. This review presents a comprehensive update on nanoparticles’ toxic effects, the factors underlying their toxicity, and the mechanisms by which toxicity is induced. Recent studies have found that nanoparticles may cause serious health effects when exposed to the body through ingestion, inhalation, and skin contact without caution. The extent to which toxicity is induced depends on some properties, including the nature and size of the nanoparticle, the surface area, shape, aspect ratio, surface coating, crystallinity, dissolution, and agglomeration. In all, the general mechanisms by which it causes toxicity lie on its capability to initiate the formation of reactive species, cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and neurotoxicity, among others.

scholarly journals Toxic effects of nanoparticles - differences and similarities with fine particles

2010 ◽  
Vol 64 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Žanna Martinsone ◽  
Mārīte Baķe
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Particle Surface ◽  
The Body ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Particle Surface Area ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Lack Of Information

Toxic effects of nanoparticles - differences and similarities with fine particles There is increasing recognition that nanoparticles may pose a risk to human health. Toxicology studies have indicated that specific properties of nanoparticles drive their toxicity. These properties include surface area and chemistry, size and shape of particles, as well as charge and number, but to a lesser extent, mass. Nanoparticles can influence human health by occupational exposure and by environmental contacts. Uptake of nanoparticles may occur by inhalation, transdermal means and by ingestion. After inhalation, oral administration or parenteral administration, nanoparticles reach the lungs, gastrointestinal tract and brain. It is important to understand the similar and dissimilar features of nanoparticles and fine particles regarding impact on health. The general picture that emerges from experimental animal studies is that, on a mass dose basis, pulmonary toxicity is enhanced when particle size is reduced from the micrometre to the nanometre range. The increase in toxicity appears to be related to the increase in particle surface area. However, different existing materials in the nanometre size exhibit different degrees of toxicity on the respiratory tract. It is not possible to reach generic conclusions about toxicity based on consideration of size alone; the potential toxicity of each individual nanoparticulate material needs to be considered on a case-by-case basis. There is a clear lack of information on the potential health effects of nanoparticles produced for nanotechnologies. These uncertainties arise because of gaps in knowledge about the factors that are essential for predicting health risks — factors such as routes of exposure, translocation of materials once they enter the body, and interaction of the materials with the body's biological systems.

The use of Body Surface Index as a Better Clinical Health indicators Compare to Body Mass Index and Body Surface Area for Clinical Application

2018 ◽  
pp. 131-136
Author(s):  
Shirazu I. ◽  
Theophilus. A. Sackey ◽  
Elvis K. Tiburu ◽  
Mensah Y. B. ◽  
Forson A.
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface Area ◽  
Clinical Application ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Health Indicators ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Parameters ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Individual Body

The relationship between body height and body weight has been described by using various terms. Notable among them is the body mass index, body surface area, body shape index and body surface index. In clinical setting the first descriptive parameter is the BMI scale, which provides information about whether an individual body weight is proportionate to the body height. Since the development of BMI, two other body parameters have been developed in an attempt to determine the relationship between body height and weight. These are the body surface area (BSA) and body surface index (BSI). Generally, these body parameters are described as clinical health indicators that described how healthy an individual body response to the other internal organs. The aim of the study is to discuss the use of BSI as a better clinical health indicator for preclinical assessment of body-organ/tissue relationship. Hence organ health condition as against other body composition. In addition the study is `also to determine the best body parameter the best predict other parameters for clinical application. The model parameters are presented as; modeled height and weight; modelled BSI and BSA, BSI and BMI and modeled BSA and BMI. The models are presented as clinical application software for comfortable working process and designed as GUI and CAD for use in clinical application.

Cannabis Associated “High” Cardiovascular Morbidity and Mortality: Marijuana Smoke Like Tobacco Smoke? A Déjà Vu/Déjà Vécu Story?

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (11) ◽  
pp. 870-879 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodora A. Manolis ◽  
Antonis A. Manolis ◽  
Antonis S. Manolis
Keyword(s):  
Health Effects ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Tobacco Smoking ◽  
English Literature ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Cardiovascular Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Cannabis Smoking ◽  
Deja Vu ◽  
Déjà Vu

Background: Cannabis use has increased over the past several years as some countries have legalized its use for the treatment of certain medical conditions and/or for recreational use. Thus, concerns have risen about potential adverse health effects. Increasing number of reports have associated cannabis use with serious cardiovascular (CV) complications. Furthermore, there appears to be a likeness in the harmful health effects, especially on the CV and respiratory systems, of cannabis smoking to those of tobacco smoking. Objective: To review the CV effects of cannabis use and compare them with those of tobacco use. Methods: Articles were reviewed that were published in English literature reporting on cannabis and cannabinoid pharmacology and their effects on the CV system and their consequences. Emphasis was also placed on articles reporting on cannabis use in adolescents, exposure to secondhand smoke, its effect on exercise and finally its inter-relationship and similarities with tobacco use. Results: With growing cannabis use, an increasing number of reports have emerged associating marijuana use with serious and life-threatening CV complications, including acute coronary syndromes, potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmias and ischemic strokes. There are certain similarities of the deleterious CV and respiratory effects of cannabis smoking with those of tobacco smoking. Despite the difference in the active ingredients (tetrahydrocannabinol vs. nicotine), each substance produces a plethora of chemicals when smoked and these are largely identical; furthermore, due to different modes of smoking, cannabis chemicals are retained in the body for a longer time. Of course, concomitant tobacco and cannabis smoking is a perplexing factor in isolating damages specifically pertaining to cannabis use, while the health risk is additive. Although the mechanisms producing CV harm may be somewhat different between these two substances, the outcome appears similar, or even worse, as the effects may emerge at a younger age. Conclusion: There is an increasing concern that, apart from the mental health problem with cannabis smoking, societies may be facing another wave of a déjà vu/déjà vécu phenomenon similar to the tobacco smoking story.

Tail shapes lead to different propulsive mechanisms in the body/caudal fin undulation of fish

2020 ◽  
pp. 095440622096768
Author(s):  
Jialei Song ◽  
Yong Zhong ◽  
Ruxu Du ◽  
Ling Yin ◽  
Yang Ding
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Aspect Ratio ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
The Body ◽  
Caudal Fin ◽  
Fish Model ◽  
Swimming Efficiency ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Propulsive Mechanism ◽  
High Depth

In this paper, we investigate the hydrodynamics of swimmers with three caudal fins: a round one corresponding to snakehead fish ( Channidae), an indented one corresponding to saithe ( Pollachius virens), and a lunate one corresponding to tuna ( Thunnus thynnus). A direct numerical simulation (DNS) approach with a self-propelled fish model was adopted. The simulation results show that the caudal fin transitions from a pushing/suction combined propulsive mechanism to a suction-dominated propulsive mechanism with increasing aspect ratio ( AR). Interestingly, different from a previous finding that suction-based propulsion leads to high efficiency in animal swimming, this study shows that the utilization of suction-based propulsion by a high- AR caudal fin reduces swimming efficiency. Therefore, the suction-based propulsive mechanism does not necessarily lead to high efficiency, while other factors might play a role. Further analysis shows that the large lateral momentum transferred to the flow due to the high depth of the high- AR caudal fin leads to the lowest efficiency despite the most significant suction.

scholarly journals Migration of Silver and Copper Nanoparticles from Food Coating

Coatings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 380
Author(s):  
Hamed Ahari ◽  
Leila Khoshboui Lahijani
Keyword(s):  
Copper Nanoparticles ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Food Packaging ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Optical Emission ◽  
Atomic Emission ◽  
The Body ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Inductively Coupled

Packaging containing nanoparticles (NPs) can increase the shelf life of products, but the presence of NPs may hazards human life. In this regard, there are reports regarding the side effect and cytotoxicity of nanoparticles. The main aim of this research was to study the migration of silver and copper nanoparticles from the packaging to the food matrix as well as the assessment techniques. The diffusion and migration of nanoparticles can be analyzed by analytical techniques including atomic absorption, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission, and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, as well as X-ray diffraction, spectroscopy, migration, and titration. Inductively coupled plasma-based techniques demonstrated the best results. Reports indicated that studies on the migration of Ag/Cu nanoparticles do not agree with each other, but almost all studies agree that the migration of these nanoparticles is higher in acidic environments. There are widespread ambiguities about the mechanism of nanoparticle toxicity, so understanding these nanoparticles and their toxic effects are essential. Nanomaterials that enter the body in a variety of ways can be distributed throughout the body and damage human cells by altering mitochondrial function, producing reactive oxygen, and increasing membrane permeability, leading to toxic effects and chronic disease. Therefore, more research needs to be done on the development of food packaging coatings with consideration given to the main parameters affecting nanoparticles migration.

Accelerating ion diffusion with unique three-dimensionally interconnected nanopores for self-membrane high-performance pseudocapacitors

Nanoscale ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (46) ◽  
pp. 18311-18317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuan Gao ◽  
Yuanjing Lin ◽  
Zehua Peng ◽  
Qingfeng Zhou ◽  
Zhiyong Fan
Keyword(s):  
Aspect Ratio ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Structural Stability ◽  
High Aspect Ratio ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Rate Capability ◽  
Large Surface Area ◽  
Nanoporous Structure ◽  
Ion Diffusion

Three-dimensional interconnected nanoporous structure (3-D INPOS) possesses high aspect ratio, large surface area, as well as good structural stability. Profiting from its unique interconnected architecture, the 3-D INPOS pseudocapacitor achieves a largely enhanced capacitance and rate capability.

scholarly journals A Systematic Review and Appraisal of Epidemiological Studies on Household Fuel Use and Its Health Effects Using Demographic and Health Surveys

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 1411
Author(s):  
Daniel B. Odo ◽  
Ian A. Yang ◽  
Luke D. Knibbs
Keyword(s):  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Exposure Assessment ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Low Birthweight ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
The Body ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
Fuel Use ◽  
Cooking Fuel

The domestic combustion of polluting fuels is associated with an estimated 3 million premature deaths each year and contributes to climate change. In many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), valid and representative estimates of people exposed to household air pollution (HAP) are scarce. The Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) is an important and consistent source of data on household fuel use for cooking and has facilitated studies of health effects. However, the body of research based on DHS data has not been systematically identified, nor its strengths and limitations critically assessed as a whole. We aimed to systematically review epidemiological studies using DHS data that considered cooking fuel type as the main exposure, including the assessment of the extent and key drivers of bias. Following PRISMA guidelines, we searched PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and the DHS publication portal. We assessed the quality and risk of bias (RoB) of studies using a novel tool. Of 2748 records remaining after removing duplicates, 63 were read in full. A total of 45 out of 63 studies were included in our review, spanning 11 different health outcomes and representing 50 unique analyses. In total, 41 of 45 (91%) studies analysed health outcomes in children <5 years of age, including respiratory infections (n = 17), death (all-cause) (n = 14), low birthweight (n = 5), stunting and anaemia (n = 5). Inconsistencies were observed between studies in how cooking fuels were classified into relatively high- and low-polluting. Overall, 36/50 (80%) studies reported statistically significant adverse associations between polluting fuels and health outcomes. In total, 18/50 (36%) of the analyses were scored as having moderate RoB, while 16/50 (32%) analyses were scored as having serious or critical RoB. Although HAP exposure assessment is not the main focus of the DHS, it is the main, often only, source of information in many LMICs. An appreciable proportion of studies using it to analyse the association between cooking fuel use and health have potential for high RoB, mostly related to confounder control, exposure assessment and misclassification, and outcome ascertainment. Based on our findings, we provide some suggestions for ways in which revising the information collected by the DHS could make it even more amenable to studies of household fuel use and health, and reduce the RoB, without being onerous to collect and analyse.

Functionalization and Tip-open of Carbon Nanotubes for High-Performance Symmetric Supercapacitor

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaxiong Zhang ◽  
Erqing Xie
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Aspect Ratio ◽  
Specific Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Chemical Stability ◽  
High Aspect Ratio ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Large Specific Surface Area ◽  
Symmetric Supercapacitor

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been widely studied as supercapacitor electrodes because of their excellent conductivity, high aspect ratio, excellent mechanical properties, chemical stability, and large specific surface area. However, the...

Vibration suppression investigation and parametric design of tri-axle straight heavy truck with pitch-resistant hydraulically interconnected suspension

2021 ◽  
pp. 107754632110396
Author(s):  
Fei Ding ◽  
Jie Liu ◽  
Chao Jiang ◽  
Haiping Du ◽  
Jiaxi Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Dynamic Load ◽  
Pressure Loss ◽  
Vibration Suppression ◽  
Parametric Design ◽  
Suspension System ◽  
Loss Coefficient ◽  
The Body ◽  
Impedance Matrix ◽  
Pressure Loss Coefficient

The vibration suppression of the proposed pitch-resistant hydraulically interconnected suspension system for the tri-axle straight truck is investigated, and the vibration isolation performances are parametrically designed to achieve smaller body vibration and tire dynamic load using increased pitch stiffness and optimized pressure loss coefficient. For the hydraulic subsystem, the transfer impedance matrix method is applied to derive the impedance matrix. These hydraulic forces are incorporated into the motion equations of mechanical subsystem as external forces according to relationships between boundary flow and mechanical state vectors. In terms of the additional mode stiffness/damping and suspension performance requirements, the cylinder surface area, accumulator pressure, and damper valve’s pressure loss coefficient are comprehensively tuned with parametric design technique and modal analysis method. It is found the isolation capacity is heavily dependent on installation scheme and fluid physical parameters. Especially, the surface area can be designed for the oppositional installation to separately raise pitch stiffness without increasing bounce stiffness. The pressure loss coefficients are tuned with design of experiment approach and evaluated using all conflict indexes with normalized dimensionless evaluation factors. The obtained numerical results indicate that the proposed pitch-resistant hydraulically interconnected suspension system can significantly inhibit both the body and tire vibrations with decreased suspension deformation, and the tire dynamic load distribution among wheel stations is also improved.

Features of Bioaccumulation and Toxic Effects of Copper (II) Oxide Nanoparticles Under Repeated Oral Exposure in Rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 09 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Sergeevich Stepankov ◽  
Marina Aleksandrovna Zemlyanova ◽  
Nina Vladimirovna Zaitseva ◽  
Anna Mikhailovna Ignatova ◽  
Alena Evgenievna Nikolaeva
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Pore Volume ◽  
Mesangial Cells ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Oral Exposure ◽  
Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Brown Pigment ◽  
Cuo Nps ◽  
Hematological Analysis

Background: Currently, the range of copper (II) oxide nanoparticles’ (CuO NPs) applications is expanding and the global production of CuO NPs is increasing. In this regard, the risk of exposure of the population to this nanomaterial increases. Objective: The aim of the study is to investigate the patterns of bioaccumulation and toxic effects of CuO NPs after multiple oral exposures. Methods: The particle size was determined by scanning electron microscopy and dynamic laser light scattering. Specific surface area was measured by the method of Brunauer, Emmett, Teller. Total pore volume - by the method of Barrett, Joyner, Khalenda. Twenty-four hours after the final exposure, blood samples were taken for biochemical and hematological analysis, and internal organs were taken to determine their mass, copper concentration and histological analysis. The study was carried out in comparison with copper (II) oxide microparticles (CuO MPs). Results: In terms of size, surface area, and pore volume, the studied copper (II) oxide sample is a nanomaterial. The median lethal dose of CuO NPs was 13187.5 mg/kg of body weight. Bioaccumulation occurs in the stomach, blood, intestines, liver, lungs, kidneys and brain. Pathomorphological changes in the liver are manifested in the form of necrosis, degeneration, hepatitis; kidney - proliferation of mesangial cells, dystrophy; stomach - gastritis; small intestine - hyperplasia, enteritis; large intestine - colitis; lungs - hyperplasia, abscess, pneumonia, bronchitis, vasculitis. Clumps of brown pigment were detected in the kidneys, stomach and lungs. The mass of the stomach and intestines increased, the mass of the liver, kidneys and lungs decreased. Pathomorphological changes in organs are likely to cause an increase in the levels of activity of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, amylase, malondialdehyde concentration and a decrease in plasma antioxidant activity. The proportion of segmented neutrophils, the number of leukocytes are raised, the proportion of lymphocytes is reduced. Conclusion: The degree of bioaccumulation and toxicity of CuO NPs are more expressed in relation to CuO MPs.

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