scholarly journals IoT-Based Autonomous Pay-As-You-Go Payment System with the Contract Wallet

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Shinya Haga ◽  
Kazumasa Omote
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Payment System ◽  
Smart Contracts ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Private Key ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
The Cost

In recent years, increasingly many companies have entered the pay-as-you-go business because it has become easier to monitor services constantly due to the development and increase in the number of Internet of Things (IoT) devices. Research is in progress to introduce cryptographic assets into the payment, but if a private key is stolen, the cryptographic assets associated with it can be stolen. To address this issue, this paper proposes a secure automated payment system using contract wallets. This method ensures the security of cryptographic assets even if the private key is stolen. Secure automated payments are enabled by issuing transactions from IoT devices and using internal transactions to link contract wallets and smart contracts that handle the payment of cryptographic assets. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the proposed system is demonstrated on the Ethereum blockchain as a proof of concept, and the cost of gas is measured.

scholarly journals Proof of Concept of Scalable Integration of Internet of Things and Blockchain in Healthcare

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 1389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krishna Prasad Satamraju ◽  
Malarkodi B
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Data Storage ◽  
Data Integrity ◽  
Security Threats ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Power Performance ◽  
Privacy And Security ◽  
Physical Threat ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
Performance Results

The advent of Internet of Things (IoT) brought innovation along with unprecedented benefits of convenience and efficacy in many operations that were otherwise very cumbersome. This innovation explosion has surfaced a new dimension of vulnerability and physical threat to the data integrity of IoT networks. Implementing conventional cryptographic algorithms on IoT devices is not future-proof as these devices are constrained in terms of computational power, performance, and memory. In this paper, we are proposing a novel framework, a unique model that integrates IoT networks with a blockchain to address potential privacy and security threats for data integrity. Smart contracts are instrumental in this integration process and they are used to handle device authentication, authorization and access-control, and data management. We further share a new design model for interfaces to integrate both platforms while highlighting its performance results over the existing models. With the incorporation of off-chain data storage into the framework, overall scalability of the system can be increased. Finally, our research concludes how the proposed framework can be fused virtually into any existing IoT applications with minimal modifications.

Introduction of Blockchain and Usage of Blockchain in Internet of Things

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chandrasekar Ravi ◽  
Praveensankar Manimaran
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Data Centers ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Smart Contracts ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Access Management ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Internet Of Things ◽  
The Web

Since the advent of the web, the number of users who started using the internet for everyday purpose has increased tremendously. Most of the common purposes are to access their data whenever they want and wherever they want. So many companies have started providing these services to normal users. These companies store huge volume of data in the data centers. So protecting the integrity of the data is the main responsibility of these companies. Blockchain is one of the trending solutions that gives storage immutability to the users. This chapter starts with the working of blockchain and smart contracts and advantages and disadvantages of blockchain and smart contracts and then goes on to explain how blockchain can be integrated into the internet of things (IOT). This chapter ends with an architecture based on the proof-of-concept for access management, which is blockchain-based fully distributed architecture.

scholarly journals A Study on Data Security In Fog Computing

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2.19) ◽  
pp. 50
Author(s):  
P S.Apirajitha
Keyword(s):  
Cloud Computing ◽  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Data Security ◽  
Fog Computing ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Computing Power ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
The Cost

During the years, Cloud Computing is a popular paradigm which provide access to configurable resources on devices at any time,with on demand. Cloud Computing provides many benefits to enterprises by reducing the cost and allowing them to concentrate on their core business. Apart from this , the Development of Internet of Things came into existence, where the cloud divulge a long distance between users and its environment. Cloud Computing is also referred as heavy computing and dense form of computing power. In Spite of this  a new computing has been proposed called Fog Computing also known as Fogging, which overcomes the problem of cloud. Fog computing which majority supports the concepts of Internet of Things(IoT), where many  IoT devices are used by users on daily basis which are connected to each other. Fog Computing is also an extended version of cloud computing.  

scholarly journals A Cost Analysis of Internet of Things Sensor Data Storage on Blockchain via Smart Contracts

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 244
Author(s):  
Yeşem Kurt Peker ◽  
Xavier Rodriguez ◽  
James Ericsson ◽  
Suk Jin Lee ◽  
Alfredo J. Perez
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Data Storage ◽  
Simulated Data ◽  
Sensor Data ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Smart Contracts ◽  
Smart Contract ◽  
Reliable Solution ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Existing Data

Blockchain is a developing technology that can be utilized for secure data storage and sharing. In this work, we examine the cost of Blockchain-based data storage for constrained Internet of Things (IoT) devices. We had two phases in the study. In the first phase, we stored data retrieved from a temperature/humidity sensor connected to an Ethereum testnet blockchain using smart contracts in two different ways: first, appending the new data to the existing data, storing all sensor data; and second, overwriting the new data onto the existing data, storing only a recent portion of the data. In the second phase, we stored simulated data from several sensors on the blockchain assuming sensor data is numeric. We proposed a method for encoding the data from the sensors in one variable and compared the costs of storing the data in an array versus storing the encoded data from all sensors in one variable. We also compared the costs of carrying out the encoding within the smart contract versus outside the smart contract. In the first phase, our results indicate that overwriting data points is more cost-efficient than appending them. In the second phase, using the proposed encoding method to store the data from several sensors costs significantly less than storing the data in an array, if the encoding is done outside the smart contract. If the encoding is carried out in the smart contract, the cost is still less than storing the data in an array, however, the difference is not significant. The study shows that even though expensive, for applications where the integrity and transparency of data are crucial, storing IoT sensor data on Ethereum could be a reliable solution.

scholarly journals A Blockchain-Based Contractual Routing Protocol for the Internet of Things Using Smart Contracts

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gholamreza Ramezan ◽  
Cyril Leung
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Secure Routing ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Smart Contracts ◽  
Distance Vector ◽  
Secure Routing Protocols ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Internet Of Things

In this paper, we propose a novel blockchain-based contractual routing (BCR) protocol for a network of untrusted IoT devices. In contrast to conventional secure routing protocols in which a central authority (CA) is required to facilitate the identification and authentication of each device, the BCR protocol operates in a distributed manner with no CA. The BCR protocol utilizes smart contracts to discover a route to a destination or data gateway within heterogeneous IoT networks. Any intermediary device can guarantee a route from a source IoT device to a destination device or gateway. We compare the performance of BCR with that of the Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol in a network of 14 devices. The results show that the routing overhead of the BCR protocol is 5 times lower compared to AODV at the cost of a slightly lower packet delivery ratio. BCR is fairly resistant to both Blackhole and Greyhole attacks. The results show that the BCR protocol enables distributed routing in heterogeneous IoT networks.

scholarly journals Home Automation Using IOT

2021 ◽  
pp. 487-492
Author(s):  
Meena Kasbekar ◽  
Nida Khan ◽  
Atharva Kadam ◽  
Prof. Milind Gajare
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Electronic Device ◽  
Optimal Operation ◽  
Home Automation ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Cloud Server ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Time And Energy ◽  
And Control

In this era of digitization and automation, the life of human beings is getting simpler as almost everything is automatic, replacing the old manual systems. Nowadays humans have made internet an integral part of their everyday life without which they are helpless. Internet of things (IoT) provides a platform that allows devices to connect, sense and control remotely across a network infrastructure. In this paper we focus on home automation using IOT. The IOT devices controls and monitors the electronic, electrical and the mechanical systems used in various types of buildings. The devices connected to the cloud server are controlled by a single admin which facilitate a number of users to which a number of sensor and control nodes are connected. The admin can access and control all the nodes connected to each user but a single user can control only the nodes to which the user itself is connected. This whole system using Internet of Things (iot) will allow mobile devices and computers to remotely control all the functions and features of home appliances from anywhere around the world using the internet connection. The system designed is economical and can be expanded as it allows connection and controlling of a number of different devices. Advancement in technology has not only transformed our life but also extended in every sphere of our way of living. Most of the electronic devices are manually monitored on regular basis to ensure the optimal operation. To install new application specific devices not only increases the cost but also replaces the old device. Here we propose a system, which can monitor and schedule any old electronic device through a mobile application and its operation can be optimized by saving time and energy.

Bringing Security to The Smallest Embedded Systems

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOSEPH YIU
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Embedded Systems ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Security Requirements ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Security Measures ◽  
Significant Challenge ◽  
Iot Devices

The increasing need for security in microcontrollers Security has long been a significant challenge in microcontroller applications(MCUs). Traditionally, many microcontroller systems did not have strong security measures against remote attacks as most of them are not connected to the Internet, and many microcontrollers are deemed to be cheap and simple. With the growth of IoT (Internet of Things), security in low cost microcontrollers moved toward the spotlight and the security requirements of these IoT devices are now just as critical as high-end systems due to:

Agricultural Application of Web of Things Architecture

Impact ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (10) ◽  
pp. 61-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akihiro Fujii
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Electronic Device ◽  
Specific Work ◽  
Science And Engineering ◽  
Unique Identifier ◽  
Agricultural Application ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
The Internet Of Things ◽  
Type Pressure

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a term that describes a system of computing devices, digital machines, objects, animals or people that are interrelated. Each of the interrelated 'things' are given a unique identifier and the ability to transfer data over a network that does not require human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction. Examples of IoT in practice include a human with a heart monitor implant, an animal with a biochip transponder (an electronic device inserted under the skin that gives the animal a unique identification number) and a car that has built-in sensors which can alert the driver about any problems, such as when the type pressure is low. The concept of a network of devices was established as early as 1982, although the term 'Internet of Things' was almost certainly first coined by Kevin Ashton in 1999. Since then, IoT devices have become ubiquitous, certainly in some parts of the world. Although there have been significant developments in the technology associated with IoT, the concept is far from being fully realised. Indeed, the potential for the reach of IoT extends to areas which some would find surprising. Researchers at the Faculty of Science and Engineering, Hosei University in Japan, are exploring using IoT in the agricultural sector, with some specific work on the production of melons. For the advancement of IoT in agriculture, difficult and important issues are implementation of subtle activities into computers procedure. The researchers challenges are going on.

Publicly auditable conditional blind signatures

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-271
Author(s):  
Panagiotis Grontas ◽  
Aris Pagourtzis ◽  
Alexandros Zacharakis ◽  
Bingsheng Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Equivalence Test ◽  
Zero Knowledge ◽  
Private Key ◽  
Blind Signatures ◽  
Cryptographic Primitive ◽  
Security Properties ◽  
Designated Verifier

This work formalizes Publicly Auditable Conditional Blind Signatures (PACBS), a new cryptographic primitive that allows the verifiable issuance of blind signatures, the validity of which is contingent upon a predicate and decided by a designated verifier. In particular, when a user requests the signing of a message, blinded to protect her privacy, the signer embeds data in the signature that makes it valid if and only if a condition holds. A verifier, identified by a private key, can check the signature and learn the value of the predicate. Auditability mechanisms in the form of non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs are provided, so that a cheating signer cannot issue arbitrary signatures and a cheating verifier cannot ignore the embedded condition. The security properties of this new primitive are defined using cryptographic games. A proof-of-concept construction, based on the Okamoto–Schnorr blind signatures infused with a plaintext equivalence test is presented and its security is analyzed.

scholarly journals Internet of things issues related to psychiatry

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Monteith ◽  
Tasha Glenn ◽  
John Geddes ◽  
Emanuel Severus ◽  
Peter C. Whybrow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Emotional Reactions ◽  
The Body ◽  
Psychiatric Research ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Personal Safety ◽  
Healthcare Organizations ◽  
Iot Devices

Abstract Background Internet of Things (IoT) devices for remote monitoring, diagnosis, and treatment are widely viewed as an important future direction for medicine, including for bipolar disorder and other mental illness. The number of smart, connected devices is expanding rapidly. IoT devices are being introduced in all aspects of everyday life, including devices in the home and wearables on the body. IoT devices are increasingly used in psychiatric research, and in the future may help to detect emotional reactions, mood states, stress, and cognitive abilities. This narrative review discusses some of the important fundamental issues related to the rapid growth of IoT devices. Main body Articles were searched between December 2019 and February 2020. Topics discussed include background on the growth of IoT, the security, safety and privacy issues related to IoT devices, and the new roles in the IoT economy for manufacturers, patients, and healthcare organizations. Conclusions The use of IoT devices will increase throughout psychiatry. The scale, complexity and passive nature of data collection with IoT devices presents unique challenges related to security, privacy and personal safety. While the IoT offers many potential benefits, there are risks associated with IoT devices, and from the connectivity between patients, healthcare providers, and device makers. Security, privacy and personal safety issues related to IoT devices are changing the roles of manufacturers, patients, physicians and healthcare IT organizations. Effective and safe use of IoT devices in psychiatry requires an understanding of these changes.

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