scholarly journals The Use of Honeybee Hives May Boost Yields of Some Crops in Nepal

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Kedar Devkota ◽  
Prashant Rijal ◽  
Charles Fernando dos Santos
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
Seed Set ◽  
Brassica Campestris ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Flying Insects ◽  
Pollination Deficit ◽  
Flower Visiting ◽  
Complementary Strategy

Many pollination-dependent crops worldwide need bees for the highest productivity. If the crops are not pollinated, a pollination deficit will result. Consequently, low yields of fruit set and seed set of cultivated plants may be expected. Here, we evaluated how pollination with honeybee (Apis mellifera) hives may affect the production of the bittergourd (Momordica charantia), buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum), and mustard (Brassica campestris) in tons or quintal per hectare in Nepal. Our experimental design involved three treatments in blocks within selected areas: (i) the effect of the honeybees alone (caged with beehives), (ii) free insect access under natural field conditions, and (iii) blocks restraining insect access (caged without beehives). We also assessed the flower visiting insects within crops using pan traps and identifying insect orders. We found that the productivity of bittergourd, buckwheat, and mustard significantly increased in the treatments with beehives inside the cage. To a lesser extent, the treatment with free access to the flying insects enhanced the production of the selected crops. Proportionally, Hymenoptera (mainly bees) was the most common taxon within bittergourd, buckwheat, and mustard crops, followed by Diptera and Lepidoptera. Hence, the provision of beehives in cultivated areas such as those evaluated here could be considered as a complementary strategy for supporting the long-term productivity of these crops in Nepal.

scholarly journals Effect of pollination on rapeseed (Brassica campestris L. var. Toria) production in Chitwan, Nepal

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 41-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Pudasaini ◽  
RB Thapa
Keyword(s):  
Apis Mellifera ◽  
Seed Set ◽  
Brassica Campestris ◽  
Apis Cerana ◽  
Control Plot ◽  
Mosquito Nets ◽  
Pollination Deficit ◽  
Natural Pollination ◽  
Important Cash Crop ◽  
And Control

Rapeseed is an important cash crop of Nepal and an experiment was conducted to study the effect of pollination on its production in Chitwan during 2012-2013. The experiment was designed in Randomized Complete Block with four replications and five pollination treatments. The rapeseed plots were caged with mosquito nets at 10% flowering except natural pollination. Two-framed colonies of Apis mellifera L. and Apis cerana F. were introduced separately for pollination, and control plot caged without pollinators. Seed set increased by 48.72% with Apis cerana F. and 45.73% with Apis mellifera L. pollination as compared to the control. The highest seed yield was obtained from Apis cerana F. (1.11 mt/ha), followed by Apis mellifera L. (0.88 mt/ha), hand (0.75 mt/ha), natural pollination (0.66 mt/ha) and control (0.13 mt/ha), respectively. This study clearly indicated pollination deficit under natural condition, and therefore, management of honeybee is necessary for higher production and productivity of rapeseed under Chitwan condition.

scholarly journals Efficiency of Buzzing Bees in Fruit Set and Seed Set ofSolanum violaceumin Sri Lanka

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. M. U. M. Wanigasekara ◽  
W. A. I. P. Karunaratne
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Seed Set ◽  
Handling Time ◽  
Apis Dorsata ◽  
Buzz Pollination ◽  
Vegetable Crop ◽  
Flower Visiting ◽  
Plant Pollinator

Plant-pollinator interactions are often considered as tightly coevolved, mutualistic relationships. The present study aimed at determining the flower visiting bees of the vegetable crop,Solanum violaceum, and the efficiency of buzz pollination by bees on fruit and seed production in Sri Lanka. Seven bee species:Hoplonomia westwoodi,Amegilla comberi,Patellapis kaluterae,Xylocopa tenuiscapa,Apis dorsata,Trigona iridipennis, andCeratina hieroglyphicavisited the flowers ofS. violaceum, and the first four species were buzzing bees. Buzzing bees were the first to visitSolanumflowers and were followed by nonbuzzing bees. Handling time ofH. westwoodiandP. kaluteraevaried with the availability of pollen in anthers that deplete with the age of flower and stayed longer at new flowers than at old flowers. Handling time of the larger buzzing bee,H. westwoodi, was higher than that of the smallerP. kaluterae. The fruit set, seed set, and seed germinability in flowers visited by buzzing bees were significantly higher than those of the flowers bagged to exclude pollinators.

scholarly journals Flowering, Forage Value, and Insect Pollination in Borage (Borago Officinalis L.) Cultivated in Se Poland

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-89
Author(s):  
Ernest Stawiarz ◽  
Anna Wróblewska ◽  
Marzena Masierowska ◽  
Dagmara Sadowska
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
Seed Set ◽  
Flowering Pattern ◽  
Borago Officinalis ◽  
Se Poland ◽  
Insect Visitation ◽  
Nectar Sugar ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Flower Visiting ◽  
Forage Value

AbstractThe three-year study on borage was conducted in Lublin, SE Poland. The aims were to investigate the flowering pattern and abundance, and the attractiveness (in terms of nectar and pollen production) for flower-visiting insects, mainly bees. Insect visitation and the effect of pollinators on fruit set and seed set were assessed as well. Flowering of borage started in the latter half of June and lasted eight weeks. The mean number of flowers · m−2 of the crop was 4570 per season. A borage flower produced on average 4.0 mg of nectar with a mean sugar concentration of 31.5%. The mean total sugar amount secreted in nectar was 1.2 mg. The pollen amount · flower−1 was 1.1 mg. A borage plant can supply insects with 1.1 g of nectar sugars and 1.1 g of pollen. The estimated nectar sugar yield and pollen yield per 1 m2 of the crop were similar, i.e. 5.2 g. Bees accounted for 73.0% of all insect visits to the borage flowers. The presence of insect pollinators increased the fruit set by 43.3% and seed set by 26.8%.

scholarly journals Phloem-Feeding Herbivores Affect Floral Development and Reproduction in the Etruscan Honeysuckle (Lonicera etrusca Santi)

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 815
Author(s):  
Sandra V. Rojas-Nossa ◽  
José María Sánchez ◽  
Luis Navarro
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
Floral Development ◽  
Seed Set ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Ecological Processes ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Complex Landscape ◽  
Fruit And Seed Set ◽  
Phloem Feeding ◽  
Growth And Reproduction

Floral development depends on multifactor processes related to genetic, physiological, and ecological pathways. Plants respond to herbivores by activating mechanisms aimed at tolerating, compensating, or avoiding loss of biomass and nutrients, and thereby survive in a complex landscape of interactions. Thus, plants need to overcome trade-offs between development, growth, and reproduction vs. the initiation of anti-herbivore defences. This study aims to assess the frequency of phloem-feeding herbivores in wild populations of the Etruscan honeysuckle (Lonicera etrusca Santi) and study their effects on floral development and reproduction. The incidence of herbivory by the honeysuckle aphid (Hyadaphis passerinii del Guercio) was assessed in three wild populations of the Iberian Peninsula. The effect of herbivory on floral morphology, micromorphology of stigmas and pollen, floral rewards, pollination, and fruit and seed set were studied. The herbivory by aphids reduces the size of flowers and pollen. Additionally, it stops nectar synthesis and causes malformation in pollen and microstructures of stigmas, affecting pollination. As a consequence, fruit set and seed weight are reduced. This work provides evidence of the changes induced by phloem-feeding herbivores in floral development and functioning that affect the ecological processes necessary to maintain the reproductive success of plants.

Pollination ecology of Caryocar brasiliense (Caryocaraceae) in Central Brazil cerrado vegetation

1993 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rogério Gribel ◽  
John D. Hay
Keyword(s):  
Breeding System ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Seed Set ◽  
Floral Biology ◽  
Cerrado Vegetation ◽  
Central Brazil ◽  
Glossophaga Soricina ◽  
Caryocar Brasiliense ◽  
Anoura Geoffroyi ◽  
Phyllostomus Discolor

ABSTRACTThe floral biology, breeding system and pollination of Caryocar brasiliense were studied in the cerrado vegetation of Central Brazil. The large, yellowish-cream, brush-like flowers are pollinated mainly by glossophagine bats (Glossophaga soricina and Anoura geoffroyi). Three non-glossophagine bats (Phyllostomus discolor, Vampyrops lineatus and Carollia perspicillata) and two short probosisced hawk moths (Erinyis ello and Pseudosphinx tetrio) may also act as occasional pollinators. Caryocar brasiliense is self-compatible although it sets significantly more fruits when crossed than when selfed. The natural fruit set (fruit/flower ratio) and seed set (seed/ovule ratio) are 3.1% and 1.0% respectively. Most of the fruits and seeds are formed through the action of the flower visitors, despite the fact that about 20% of the non-visited flowers receive self pollen on at least one stigma.

Open source software as a mature library system in Armenia

Infolib ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 34-37
Author(s):  
Anna Chulyan ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Open Source ◽  
Open Source Software ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Digital Preservation ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Efficient Organization ◽  
Digital Repositories ◽  
High Level

The article touches upon the importance of long-term digital preservation of Armenian cultural heritage through creation of digital repositories using Open-Source Software in Armenian libraries. The research highlights the advantages of Open-Source Software in context of providing free access to digital materials, as well as its high level of functionality in order to empower libraries with new technologies for more efficient organization and dissemination of information.

A comparison of flower-visiting insects to rare Symphyotrichum sericeum and common Solidago nemoralis (Asteraceae)

Botany ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Bizecki Robson
Keyword(s):  
Seed Set ◽  
Visitation Rate ◽  
Hand Pollination ◽  
Insect Visitation ◽  
The Common ◽  
Insect Activity ◽  
Flower Visiting ◽  
Common Plant ◽  
Insect Visitors ◽  
Over Time

Flower-visiting insect activity to the rare Symphyotrichum sericeum (Vent.) G.L. Nesom and the common Solidago nemoralis Ait. var. longipetiolata (Mack. & Bush) Pal. & Steyerm. was examined to detect compositional and temporal similarities. A hand pollination experiment was conducted to determine whether pollen was limiting seed set. Of the 31 insect taxa that visited these plants, Bombus bifarius Cresson was the most common visitor to both species. More insect visitors of the Halictidae and Bombyliidae were received by S. sericeum than S. nemoralis, which received more visitors of the Syrphidae and Tachinidae. The insect visitation rate was not significantly different between the two plant species. Solidago nemoralis was visited by fewer insect taxa per day than S. sericeum, but the constancy of its visitors was higher. The insect visitor composition changed over time, with B. bifarius ignoring S. sericeum plants initially, then visiting them more frequently as the number of receptive S. nemoralis capitula declined. Hand pollination increased seed set in the earliest flowering capitula of S. sericeum, but not for those flowering during the peak. This research shows that the quantity of insect visits to the rare plant is comparable with that of the common plant but that pollination quality may be lower, particularly for early blooming capitula.

Embedding Training Within Warnings Improves Skills of Identifying Phishing Webpages

2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 577-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aiping Xiong ◽  
Robert W. Proctor ◽  
Weining Yang ◽  
Ninghui Li
Keyword(s):  
Phase 1 ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Long Term Effect ◽  
Security Training ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Effectiveness Of Training ◽  
Test Use ◽  
Click Through Rate ◽  
Complementary Strategy

Objective: Evaluate the effectiveness of training embedded within security warnings to identify phishing webpages. Background: More than 20 million malware and phishing warnings are shown to users of Google Safe Browsing every week. Substantial click-through rate is still evident, and a common issue reported is that users lack understanding of the warnings. Nevertheless, each warning provides an opportunity to train users about phishing and how to avoid phishing attacks. Method: To test use of phishing-warning instances as opportunities to train users’ phishing webpage detection skills, we conducted an online experiment contrasting the effectiveness of the current Chrome phishing warning with two training-embedded warning interfaces. The experiment consisted of three phases. In Phase 1, participants made login decisions on 10 webpages with the aid of warning. After a distracting task, participants made legitimacy judgments for 10 different login webpages without warnings in Phase 2. To test the long-term effect of the training, participants were invited back a week later to participate in Phase 3, which was conducted similarly as Phase 2. Results: Participants differentiated legitimate and fraudulent webpages better than chance. Performance was similar for all interfaces in Phase 1 for which the warning aid was present. However, training-embedded interfaces provided better protection than the Chrome phishing warning on both subsequent phases. Conclusion: Embedded training is a complementary strategy to compensate for lack of phishing webpage detection skill when phishing warning is absent. Application: Potential applications include development of training-embedded warnings to enable security training at scale.

scholarly journals Bumblebee Preadators Reduce Pollinator Density and Plant Fitness

2004 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 94-97
Author(s):  
Reuven Dukas
Keyword(s):  
Food Reward ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Pollination Biology ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Plant Fitness ◽  
Predatory Activity ◽  
Selective Agents ◽  
Flower Visiting ◽  
Pollination Systems

Research in pollination biology has focused on the interactions between animals and the flowers they visit for food reward. However, other selective agents, including predators, seed feeders and herbivores, may affect pollination systems. Because flowers are predictable food sources for a variety of species, flowers are also reliable sites at which predators can locate flower-visiting animals. Prominent among pollinators' predators are beewolves (Philanthus spp), common sphecid wasps (Sphecidae) that prey almost exclusively on bees. My field work over three years indicates, first, that an area of approximately 50 square km surrounding a single bumblebee wolf (Philanthus bicinctus) aggregation had a low bumblebee (Bombus spp) density caused by intense predation by the wasps, and, second, that fruit set of the bumblebee pollinated western monkshood (Aconitum columbianum) was significantly lower at locations and times of bumblebee wolf activity than at control locations and times with no such predatory activity. These results indicate that predation can sometimes alter plant­pollinator interactions.

Effect of reintroduced manual mowing on biodiversity in abandoned fen meadows

Biologia ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jakub Horak ◽  
Lenka Safarova
Keyword(s):  
Restoration Ecology ◽  
Conservation Value ◽  
High Conservation ◽  
New Type ◽  
Surrounding Landscape ◽  
Flower Visiting ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Insect Group

AbstractWetlands have recently become of high environmental interest. The restoration effects on habitats like fens are one of the main topics of recent restoration ecology, especially due to their interconnection with other ecosystems. We studied the manual mowing effect on abandoned fen using the response of three study taxa: diurnal butterflies, flower-visiting beetles and vascular plants. Our results showed that butterflies seems to be quickly-responding indicator taxon for evaluation and that restored management had a positive effect on both species richness and composition of this insect group. The results indicated that the manual mowing effect could be rapid. In comparison with the surrounding landscape, we found that: (i) the manually mowed site was most similar to strictly protected area, (ii) some species of high conservation value could reach higher abundance in restored than protected site, and (iii) manual mowing could bring a new type of habitat (i.e., spatial heterogeneity) compared to the other management types (abandonment, conservation and agri-environmental mowing). The main implication seems to be optimistic for practice: The manual mowing of long-term abandoned fen is leading to the creation of habitat with high conservation value in a relatively short time.

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