scholarly journals Inhibitory Control Deficits in Children with Tic Disorders Revealed by Object-Hit-and-Avoid Task

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Nicholas Cothros ◽  
Alex Medina ◽  
Davide Martino ◽  
Sean P. Dukelow ◽  
Rachel L. Hawe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Primary Outcome ◽  
Sensory Gating ◽  
Simultaneous Presentation ◽  
Tic Disorders ◽  
Movement Speed ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Comorbid Adhd ◽  
Task Parameters

Background. Tic disorders may reflect impaired inhibitory control. This has been evaluated using different behavioural tasks, yielding mixed results. Our objective was to test inhibitory control in children with tics through simultaneous presentation of multiple, mobile stimuli. Methods. Sixty-four children with tics (mean age 12.4 years; 7.5-18.5) were evaluated using a validated robotic bimanual exoskeleton protocol (Kinarm) in an object-hit-and-avoid task, in which target and distractor objects moved across a screen and participants aimed to hit only the targets while avoiding distractors. Performance was compared to 146 typically developing controls (mean age 13 years; 6.1-19.9). The primary outcome was the percentage of distractors struck. Results. ANCOVA (age as covariate) showed participants struck significantly more distractors (participants without comorbid ADHD, 22.71% [SE 1.47]; participants with comorbid ADHD, 23.56% [1.47]; and controls, 15.59% [0.68]). Participants with comorbid ADHD struck significantly fewer targets (119.74 [2.77]) than controls, but no difference was found between participants without comorbid ADHD (122.66 [2.77]) and controls (127.00 [1.28]). Participants and controls did not differ significantly in movement speed and movement area. Just over 20% of participants with tics fell below the age-predicted norm in striking distractors, whereas fewer than 10% fell outside age-predicted norms in other task parameters. Conclusions. In children with tics (without comorbid ADHD), acting upon both targets and distractors suggests reduced ability to suppress responses to potential triggers for action. This may be related to increased sensorimotor noise or abnormal sensory gating.

scholarly journals Inhibitory Control in Children with Tourette Syndrome Is Impaired in Everyday Life but Intact during a Stop Signal Task

2022 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 309
Author(s):  
Melanie Ritter ◽  
Signe Allerup Vangkilde ◽  
Katrine Maigaard ◽  
Anne Katrine Pagsberg ◽  
Kerstin Jessica Plessen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tourette Syndrome ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Stop Signal Reaction Time ◽  
Comorbid Adhd

Tourette Syndrome (TS) has previously been associated with deficits in inhibitory control (IC). However, studies on IC in individuals with TS have produced conflicting results. In the present study, we investigated IC, comparing the Stop Signal Reaction Time (SSRT) measure with parent and teacher ratings of daily life IC in 169 children aged 8–12 (60 with TS, 60 typically developing controls, 27 with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and 22 with TS + ADHD). We further investigated associations of IC with TS and ADHD symptom severity. Children with TS showed intact SSRT performance, but impairments in daily life IC, as reported by parents and teachers. For the latter, we observed a staircase distribution of groups, with the healthy controls presenting with the best IC, followed by TS, TS + ADHD, and finally ADHD. Dimensional analyses indicated a strong association between ADHD severity and both measures of IC. Our results indicate that children with TS are not impaired in a laboratory-based measure of IC, although some difficulties were evident from measures of everyday behaviour, which may in part be due to parents and teachers interpreting tics as disinhibited behaviour. Comorbid ADHD or the severity of subthreshold ADHD symptomatology appeared to account for IC deficits.

The Influence of Background Auditory Noise on P50 and N100 Suppression Elicited by the Paired-Click Paradigm

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 171-178
Author(s):  
Samantha Major ◽  
Kimberly Carpenter ◽  
Logan Beyer ◽  
Hannah Kwak ◽  
Geraldine Dawson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Gating ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Inhibitory Response ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Optimal Outcomes ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Auditory Sensory Gating ◽  
Auditory Noise ◽  
P50 Suppression

Abstract. Auditory sensory gating is commonly assessed using the Paired-Click Paradigm (PCP), an electroencephalography (EEG) task in which two identical sounds are presented sequentially and the brain’s inhibitory response to the second sound is measured. Many clinical populations demonstrate reduced P50 and/or N100 suppression. Testing sensory gating in children may help to identify individuals at risk for neurodevelopmental disorders earlier, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), which could lead to more optimal outcomes. Minimal research has been done with children because of the difficulty of performing lengthy EEG experiments with young children, requiring them to sit still for long periods of time. We designed a modified, potentially child-friendly version of the PCP and evaluated it in typically developing adults. The PCP was administered twice, once in a traditional silent room (silent movie condition) and once with an audible movie playing (audible movie condition) to minimize boredom and enhance behavioral compliance. We tested whether P50 and N100 suppression were influenced by the presence of the auditory background noise from the movie. N100 suppression was observed in both hemispheres in the silent movie condition and in the left hemisphere only during the audible movie condition, though suppression was attenuated in the audible movie condition. P50 suppression was not observed in either condition. N100 sensory gating was successfully elicited with an audible movie playing during the PCP, supporting the use of the modified task for future research in both children and adults.

Behavioral and electrophysiological indices of inhibitory control in maltreated adolescents and nonmaltreated adolescents

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Jacqueline Bruce ◽  
Hyoun K. Kim
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Early Adolescence ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Child Welfare System ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Significant Group Difference ◽  
Adverse Experiences

Abstract Early adverse experiences are believed to have a profound effect on inhibitory control and the underlying neural regions. In the current study, behavioral and event-related potential (ERP) data were collected during a go/no-go task from adolescents who were involved with the child welfare system due to child maltreatment (n = 129) and low-income, nonmaltreated adolescents (n = 102). The nonmaltreated adolescents were more accurate than the maltreated adolescents on the go/no-go task, particularly on the no-go trials. Paralleling the results with typically developing populations, the nonmaltreated adolescents displayed a more pronounced amplitude of the N2 during the no-go trials than during the go trials. However, the maltreated adolescents demonstrated a more pronounced amplitude of the N2 during the go trials than during the no-go trials. Furthermore, while the groups did not differ during the go trials, the nonmaltreated adolescents displayed a more negative amplitude of the N2 than the maltreated adolescents during no-go trials. In contrast, there was not a significant group difference in amplitude of the P3. Taken together, these results provide evidence that the early adverse experiences encountered by maltreated populations impact inhibitory control and the underlying neural activity in early adolescence.

Relations among Temperament, Familial Socioeconomic Status, and Inhibitory Control in Typically Developing Four-Year-Old Children

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 950-958
Author(s):  
Raha Hassan ◽  
Ann S. Mills ◽  
Kimberly L. Day ◽  
Ryan J. Van Lieshout ◽  
Louis A. Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Typically Developing

scholarly journals 0207 The Effect of Naps on Inhibitory Control and Sustained Attention in Early Childhood

SLEEP ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A81-A81
Author(s):  
C J Andre ◽  
E Mendelevich ◽  
A Santiago ◽  
R M Spencer
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Sustained Attention ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Slow Wave Sleep ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Performance Accuracy ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
Weak Negative Correlation

Abstract Introduction Sleep in adults and school-age children has been shown to improve regulatory behaviors. Specifically, slow wave sleep (SWS) disruptions have been positively associated with decreased levels of sustained attention and inhibitory control in adults, while REM sleep has been associated with inhibitory control in typically developing children. However, it is unknown whether midday naps confer a similar benefit in preschool-aged children, particularly since REM sleep is often lacking in their naps. In this study, we used a Go/No-Go task to determine whether SWS during early childhood naps benefits sustained attention and inhibitory control. We also explored nap habituality as a factor given that habitual and non-habitual nappers have different sleep architecture in adults and children. Methods Preschool children (N=22, 38–69 months) completed a Go/No-Go task, after which they either napped with polysomnography (nap condition) or stayed awake (wake condition) for an equivalent amount of time (within subject; order counterbalanced; ~1 week apart). After their nap and wake sessions, they completed the Go/No-Go task again. Results When controlling for nap frequency, participant performance (accuracy) post-session did not differ across conditions. However, by examining only the habitual nappers (5–7 days/week, N=9), we found a moderate positive correlation between percent of sleep spent in SWS and post-nap accuracy (r=0.335, p=0.037). Interestingly, we did not see the same relationship with non-habitual nappers (0–4 days/week, N=13) and found a weak negative correlation with SWS (r=0.007, p=0.031). Conclusion The findings suggest that habitually napping children show a benefit of nap SWS on regulatory behaviors while non-habitual nappers do not. Such results have important translational significance for early education settings. Support NIH R01 HL111695.

scholarly journals Acute and Long-Term Effects of an Internet-Based, Self-Help Comprehensive Behavioral Intervention for Children and Teens with Tic Disorders with Comorbid Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, or Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: A Reanalysis of Data from a Randomized Controlled Trial

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
Lilach Rachamim ◽  
Hila Mualem-Taylor ◽  
Osnat Rachamim ◽  
Michael Rotstein ◽  
Sharon Zimmerman-Brenner
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Tic Disorders ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Self Help ◽  
Comorbid Adhd

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and tic disorders (TD) commonly co-occur. In addition, specific inattention difficulties and poor impulse control are related to TD in the absence of comorbid ADHD. In this study we reanalyzed data from a recently completed study comparing internet-delivered, self-help comprehensive behavioral intervention for tics (ICBIT) with a waiting-list control group. The current study describes the effects of an (ICBIT) in children and adolescents with TD with and without comorbid diagnoses of ADHD or OCD at post intervention and over three- and six-month follow-up periods. Thirty-eight 7 to 18-year-olds completed the ICBIT. Of these, 16 were diagnosed with comorbid ADHD and 11 were diagnosed with OCD. A significant improvement in tic measures was found in all groups. Both the TD + ADHD and the TD − ADHD groups were similar in the magnitude of tic reduction from baseline to post-treatment, and at the three and six-month follow-up assessments. However, the TD + OCD group benefitted less from intervention than the TD—OCD group. There were meaningful reductions in parental reports of inattention, as well as hyperactive and impulsive symptoms at post intervention and over the 6-month follow-up period. Thus, ICBIT can be effectively delivered in the presence of comorbid ADHD or OCD symptomatology and may reduce symptoms of inattention and impulsivity. Larger studies of ICBIT in children and teens with TD and comorbid ADHD and OCD are needed to optimize responses to ICBIT.

scholarly journals Cool and hot executive functions at 5 years old as predictors of physical and relational aggression between 5 and 6 years old

2018 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-165
Author(s):  
Sarah E. O’Toole ◽  
Stella Tsermentseli ◽  
Sajid Humayun ◽  
Claire P. Monks
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Working Memory ◽  
Early Childhood ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Relational Aggression ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Delay Of Gratification ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Typically Developing Children

To study the role of executive function (EF) in the early development of aggression, the role of cool and hot EF skills at 5 years old, in the development of physical and relational aggression between 5 and 6 years old, was explored. Typically developing children ( N = 80) completed tasks assessing their cool (inhibition, working memory, planning) and hot EF (affective decision making, delay of gratification) skills at 5 years old. Longitudinal data were collected from teachers that rated children’s aggression when they were 5, 5.5, and 6 years old. Inhibition at 5 years old predicted changes in physical and relational aggression between 5 and 6 years old. Early cool EF, but not hot EF, may therefore be associated with aggression and inhibitory control specifically with changes in aggression during early childhood.

scholarly journals Rethinking the nature of inhibitory control deficits in Tourette syndrome

Brain ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 143 (3) ◽  
pp. 721-722
Author(s):  
Georgina M Jackson ◽  
Stephen R Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Tourette Syndrome ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Tic Disorders

This scientific commentary refers to ‘Impaired automatic but intact volitional inhibition in primary tic disorders’, by Rawji etal. (doi:10.1093/brain/awaa024).

scholarly journals Profiles of Everyday Executive Functioning in Young Children With Down Syndrome

2014 ◽  
Vol 119 (4) ◽  
pp. 303-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa A. Daunhauer ◽  
Deborah J. Fidler ◽  
Laura Hahn ◽  
Elizabeth Will ◽  
Nancy Raitano Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Executive Functioning ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Matched Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Children With Down Syndrome ◽  
Mental Age ◽  
Complementary Role ◽  
Behavior Rating Inventory

Abstract We investigated executive functioning (EF) in children with Down syndrome (DS; n  =  25) and typically developing (TD) children matched for mental age (MA; n  =  23) using the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Preschool. We sought to (1) compare children with DS to a developmentally matched control group, and (2) to characterize the EF profile of children with DS. Across teacher and parent reports, significant deficits in working memory and planning were observed in the DS group. Parents, but not teachers, of children with DS also reported difficulties in inhibitory control relative to the comparison group. Results extend earlier findings regarding EF impairments in children with DS. The complementary role inhibitory control may play in this profile is discussed.

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