scholarly journals Topological Sustainability of Crop Water Requirements and Irrigation Scheduling of Some Main Crops Based on the Penman-Monteith Method

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Waseem Asghar Khan ◽  
Jamshaid Ul Rahman ◽  
Mogtaba Mohammed ◽  
Ziyad Ali AlHussain ◽  
Murtada K. Elbashir
Keyword(s):  
Reference Evapotranspiration ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Topological Indices ◽  
Crop Water ◽  
High Demand ◽  
Crop Models ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Variable Topology ◽  
Rain Fall ◽  
Standard Software

The following method was used to apply the topology of the current study of evapotranspiration ETo, net irrigation demand, irrigation schedules, and total effective rain fall of different crop models: using the Food and Agriculture Organization's (FAO) CROPWAT 8.0 standard software and the CLIMWAT 2.0 tool and the FAO-56 Penman-Monteith approach to examine the variable topology of evapotranspiration ETo. Due to high temperatures in summer with an annual mean of 6.33 mm/day, the topological demonstration of reference evapotranspiration (ETo) increases from 2.84 mm/day in January to a maximum of 9.61 mm/day in July. Effective rainfall fluctuates from 0 mm to 53.4 mm. Total irrigation topological indices requirements were 308.3 mm/dec, 335.9 mm/dec, 343.6 mm/dec, 853 mm/dec, and 1479.6 mm/dec for barley, wheat, maize, rice, and citrus, respectively. The physical topological indices due to low demand in winter and high demand in summer, the total net irrigation, and gross irrigation for clay loamy soils for wheat (210.6 mm and 147.4 mm), barley (176.6 mm and 123.6 mm), citrus (204.5 mm and 143.2 mm), and maize (163.9 mm and 114.7 mm), but not for rice. This topology demonstrates that wheat has 4, barley has 4, citrus has 12, maize has 4, and rice crop has 12 irrigation schedules in a year.

scholarly journals Irrigation Schedules and Crop Water Requirements for Some Main Crops in Saudi Arabia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Waseem Khan ◽  
Mogtaba Y. ◽  
Jamshaid Rahman ◽  
Murtada Elbashir ◽  
Ziyad AlHussain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Rice Crop ◽  
Effective Rainfall ◽  
Crop Water ◽  
High Demand ◽  
Water Requirements ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Standard Software

Abstract The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) CROPWAT 8.0 standard software and the CLIMWAT 2.0 tool affixed to it have been utilized in this study for Qassim Region of Saudi Arabia to find CWRs and irrigation plans for numerous extremely valuable crops of KSA. We were used CROPWAT P. M. method for find out the ETo and (USAD) S. C. method utilized to determine roughly effective rainfall. The analysis demonstrated that ETo change over from 2.84 mm/day in January to reach maximum 9.61 mm/day in July due to high temperature in summer with annual mean was 6.33 mm/day, effective rainfall changes from 0 mm to 53.4 mm. The total IWRs were 308.3 mm/dec, 335.9 mm/dec, 343.6 mm/dec, 853 mm/dec and 1479.6 mm/dec for Barley, Wheat, Maize, Rice and Citrus, respectively. Due to low demand in winter and high demand in summer, the total net irrigation and total gross irrigations are 210.6 mm and 147.4 mm, 176.6 mm and 123.6 mm, 204.5 mm and 143.2 mm, 163.9 mm and 114.7mm for Wheat, Barley, Citrus, and Maize respectively except rice crop. These results showed that Wheat, Barley, Citrus, Maize and Rice crops have 4, 4, 12, 4 and 12 irrigation schedules respectively in a year.

scholarly journals Assessing the Impact of Reference Evapotranspiration Models on Decision Support Systems for Irrigation

Horticulturae ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Olberz ◽  
Katrin Kahlen ◽  
Jana Zinkernagel
Keyword(s):  
Decision Support ◽  
Decision Support Systems ◽  
Support Systems ◽  
Reference Evapotranspiration ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Crop Water ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
The Impact

Reference evapotranspiration (E T 0) is a major estimator for crop water requirements predicted by decision support systems for irrigation. However, the impact of different E T 0s on the predicted amount of water supply and counts of irrigation events has not been evaluated. Simulations of the Geisenheim Irrigation Scheduling (GS) for vegetable crops with two different E T 0s, P2-E T 0 and FAO56-E T 0, were evaluated to assess exemplarily the impact of E T 0s. The sensitivity of both E T 0s to local climate conditions was characterized through a random forest analysis, and a linear regression model was used to adjust the original GS by adapting K c-values to the exchange E T 0. For assessing the outcomes of GS irrigation decision, simulations of 173 individual cropping cycles including six vegetable crops over eight years were conducted. After adjusting P2-E T 0 K c-values to FAO56-E T 0 K c-values, there was no impact of the E T 0-model on the practical irrigation scheduling with GS. Finally, we discuss that any E T 0-model, if adjusted accordingly, might have little impact on similar irrigation systems and provide a method to exchange E T 0s.

scholarly journals Determination of crop water requirements and irrigation scheduling of wheat using CROPWAT at Koga and Rib irrigation scheme, Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dires Tewabe ◽  
Atklte Abebe ◽  
Amare Tsige ◽  
Alebachew Enyew ◽  
Mulugeta Worku
Keyword(s):  
Water Depth ◽  
Reference Evapotranspiration ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Water Requirement ◽  
Crop Water ◽  
Nile Basin ◽  
Irrigation Scheme ◽  
Initial Development ◽  
Field Crops

Abstract Background Population growth, high water competition, and the effect of climate change have caused water shortage problems in the Nile basin, Ethiopia. Proper water management improves water efficiency; determining the water requirement of field crops is an option for improving water productivity. Methods In this study, the CROPWAT 8.0 model, local climate, and soil data were used to determine crop water requirement (CWR) and irrigation scheduling of wheat at Koga and Rib irrigation scheme, Nile basin. The Penman-Monteith and United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) soil conservation service methods were used to compute the reference evapotranspiration (ETo) and effective rainfall. Five levels of water depth (50%, 75%, 100%, 125%, and 150%) of the model and two irrigation intervals (14 and 21 days) were arranged in a Randomized Completely Block Design (RCBD). Results The results showed that at Koga, irrigating 75% of CROPWAT simulated water depth (9.3 mm, 22.9 mm, 44.1 mm, and 25.8 mm at initial, development, middle and late-stage respectively) gave 3.37 t ha− 1 wheat yield and 1.01 kg m− 3 water productivity. The result at Rib showed that irrigating 75% of the model (9.1 mm, 23.6 mm, 47.2 mm, and 34.2 mm at initial, development, middle, late-stage) respectively) gave 4.27 t ha− 1 yield and 1.81 kg m− 3 water productivity of wheat. The reference evapotranspiration was varied from 4.86 mm day− 1 to 3.14 mm day− 1 at Koga and from 4.67 mm day− 1 to 2.36 mm day− 1 at Rib scheme. The irrigation requirement of wheat at Koga was 376.9 mm dec− 1 while at Rib was 379.9 mm dec− 1. Conclusions This study showed that the CROPWAT model is an important tool to compute the crop water requirement of field crops in irrigated agriculture.

scholarly journals CALIBRATION OF THE HARGREAVES-SAMANI EQUATION FOR SPECIFIC PERIODS OF THE YEAR IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF JAÍBA-MG, BRAZIL

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 445-453
Author(s):  
Anunciene Barbosa Duarte ◽  
Lucas Borges Ferreira ◽  
Edson Fagne Dos Santos
Keyword(s):  
Reference Evapotranspiration ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Crop Water ◽  
Climatic Effects ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Crop Water Demand ◽  
Limited Application ◽  
Monteith Equation

Reference evapotranspiration (ET0) explains the climatic effects on crop water demand. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) recommends the Penman Monteith equation as a standard method for estimating ET0. However, because this equation requires a large amount of meteorological data, it has limited application. An alternative is the Hargreaves-Samani (HS) equation, which only requires air temperature data, and can be calibrated to specifc locations and periods. The present study aimed to calibrate the empirical parameters (coeffcients and exponent) of the HS equation for specifc periods of the year, as well as evaluate the behavior and calibration of this equation throughout the year in the municipality of Jaíba-MG, Brazil. The daily meteorological data from 1996 to 2011 were gathered from a weather station located in the municipality of Jaíba-MG. A general calibration was performed per semester, per season, per month, and during periods with similar climatic conditions. The calibration of the HS equation, in all of the forms studied, promoted better ET0estimations. The calibrations for specifc periods of the year only promoted slight increases in performance in relation to the general calibration, therefore they, in general, presented equal performance to each other.

Empirical Equations to Estimate Evapotranspiration in Mosul City

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 98-102
Author(s):  
Haqqi Yasin ◽  
Luma Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Reference Evapotranspiration ◽  
Sunshine Duration ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Daily Data ◽  
Daily Sunshine ◽  
Measured Wind Speed

Average daily data of solar radiation, relative humidity, wind speed and air temperature from 1980 to 2008 are used to estimate the daily reference evapotranspiration in the Mosul City, North of Iraq. ETo calculator software with the Penman Monteith method standardized by the Food and Agriculture Organization is used for calculations. Further, a nonlinear regression approach using SPSS Statistics is utilized to drive the daily reference evapotranspiration relationships in which ETo is function to one or more of the average daily air temperature, actual daily sunshine duration, measured wind speed at 2m height and relative humidity

Irrigation Scheduling Based on Evaporation and Crop Water Requirement for Summer Peanuts1

1984 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. K. Pahalwan ◽  
R. S. Tripathi
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Water Requirement ◽  
Crop Water Requirement ◽  
Pan Evaporation ◽  
Crop Water ◽  
Formation Stage ◽  
Evaporation Ratio ◽  
Pod Development

Abstract Field experiment was conducted during dry season of 1981 and 1982 to determine the optimal irrigation schedule for summer peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) in relation to evaporative demand and crop water requirement at different growth stages. It was observed that peanut crop requires a higher irrigation frequency schedule during pegging to pod formation stage followed by pod development to maturity and planting to flowering stages. The higher pod yield and water use efficiency was obtained when irrigations were scheduled at an irrigation water to the cumulative pan evaporation ratio of 0.5 during planting to flowering, 0.9 during pegging to pod formation and 0.7 during pod development to maturity stage. The profile water contribution to total crop water use was higher under less frequent irrigation schedules particularly when the irrigations were scheduled at 0.5 irrigation water to the cumulative pan evaporation ratio up to the pod formation stage.

scholarly journals Optimization of irrigation water in South Africa for sustainable and beneficial use

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Akinola Mayowa Ikudayisi
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Optimization Algorithm ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Crop Water ◽  
Land Area ◽  
Water Requirements ◽  
Irrigation Water Use

Water is an essential natural resource for human existence and survival on the earth. South Africa, a water stressed country, allocates a high percentage of its available consumptive water use to irrigation. Therefore, it is necessary that we optimize water use in order to enhance food security. This study presents the development of mathematical models for irrigation scheduling of crops, optimal irrigation water release and crop yields in Vaal Harts irrigation scheme (VIS) of South Africa. For efficient irrigation water management, an accurate estimation of reference evapotranspiration (ETₒ) should be carried out. However, due to non-availability of enough historical data for the study area, mathematical models were developed to estimate ETₒ. A 20-year monthly meteorological data was collected and analysed using two data–driven modeling techniques namely principal component analysis (PCA) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS). Furthermore, an artificial neural network (ANN) model was developed for real time prediction of future ETₒ for the study area. The real time irrigation scheduling of potatoes was developed using a crop growth simulation model called CROPWAT. It was used to determine the crop water productivity (CWP), which is a determinant of the relationship between water applied and crop yield. Finally, a new and novel evolutionary multi-objective optimization algorithm called combined Pareto multi-objective differential evolution (CPMDE) was applied to optimize irrigation water use and crop yield on the VIS farmland. The net irrigation benefit, land area and irrigation water use of maize, potatoes and groundnut were optimized. Results obtained show that ETₒ increases with temperature and windspeed. Other variables such as rainfall and relative humidity have less significance on the value of ETₒ. Also, ANN models with one hidden layer showed better predictive performance compared with other considered configurations. A 5-day time step irrigation schedule data and graphs showing the crop water requirements and irrigation water requirements was generated. This would enable farmers know when, where, and how much water to apply to a given farmland. Finally, the employed CPMDE optimization algorithm produced a set of non-dominated Pareto optimal solutions. The best solution suggests that maize, groundnut and potatoes should be planted on 403543.44 m2, 181542.00 m2 and 352876.05 m2areas of land respectively. This solution generates a total net benefit of ZAR 767,961.49, total planting area of 937961.49 m2 and irrigation water volume of 391,061.52 m3. Among the three crops optimized, maize has the greatest land area, followed by potatoes and groundnut. This shows that maize is more profitable than potatoes and groundnut with respect to crop yield and water use in the study area.

scholarly journals Comparison of meteorological data, related to reference evapotranspiration, from conventional and automatic stations in the Sertão and Agreste regions of Pernambuco, Brazil

DYNA ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 88 (216) ◽  
pp. 176-183
Author(s):  
Iug Lopes ◽  
Miguel Julio Machado Guimarães ◽  
Juliana Maria Medrado de Melo ◽  
Ceres Duarte Guedes Cabral de Almeida ◽  
Breno Lopes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reference Evapotranspiration ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Global Solar Radiation ◽  
Concordance Index ◽  
Good Relationship ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Daily Scale ◽  
Weather Stations ◽  
Meteorological Elements

The objective was to perform a comparative study of the meteorological elements data that most cause changes in the reference Evapotranspiration (ETo, mm) and its own value, of automatic weather stations AWS and conventional weather stations CWS of the Sertão and Agreste regions of Pernambuco State. The ETo was calculated on a daily scale using the standard method proposed by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Penman-Monteith (FAO-56). The ETo information obtained from AWS data can be used to update the weather database of stations, since there is a good relationship between the ETo data obtained from CWS and AWS, statistically determined by the Willmott's concordance index (d > 0.7). The observed variations in the weather elements: air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and global solar radiation have not caused significant changes in the ETo calculation.

Improved analysis of thermally sensed crop water status and mapping spatial variability for site specific irrigation scheduling

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Alchanatis ◽  
Steven Evett ◽  
Shabtai Cohen ◽  
Yafit Cohen ◽  
Moshe Meron ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Crop Water ◽  
Site Specific
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