scholarly journals HIV-Related Immune Activation and Inflammation: Current Understanding and Strategies

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Tingxia Lv ◽  
Wei Cao ◽  
Taisheng Li
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Immune Activation ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Intervention Strategy ◽  
Clinical Intervention ◽  
Cd4 T Cell ◽  
Chronic Immune Activation ◽  
Hiv Replication ◽  
Systemic Immune Activation ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

Although antiretroviral therapy effectively controls human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication, a residual chronic immune activation/inflammation persists throughout the disease. This aberrant immune activation and inflammation are considered an accelerator of non-AIDS-related events and one of the driving forces of CD4+ T cell depletion. Unfortunately, HIV-associated immune activation is driven by various factors, while the mechanism of excessive inflammation has not been formally clarified. To date, several clinical interventions or treatment candidates undergoing clinical trials have been proposed to combat this systemic immune activation/inflammation. However, these strategies revealed limited results, or their nonspecific anti-inflammatory properties are similar to previous interventions. Here, we reviewed recent learnings of immune activation and persisting inflammation associated with HIV infection, as well as the current directions to overcome it. Of note, a more profound understanding of the specific mechanisms for aberrant inflammation is still imperative for identifying an effective clinical intervention strategy.

scholarly journals Myeloid-derived suppressor cells and the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus infection

Open Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmoud Mohammad Yaseen ◽  
Nizar Mohammad Abuharfeil ◽  
Homa Darmani
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Immune Activation ◽  
Suppressor Cells ◽  
Myeloid Derived Suppressor Cells ◽  
Chronic Immune Activation ◽  
Immune Suppressor Cells ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Immune Suppressor

There are several mechanisms by which human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can mediate immune dysfunction and exhaustion during the course of infection. Chronic immune activation, after HIV infection, seems to be a key driving force of such unwanted consequences, which in turn worsens the pathological status. In such cases, the immune system is programmed to initiate responses that counteract unwanted immune activation, for example through the expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). Although the expansion of immune suppressor cells in the setting of systemic chronic immune activation, in theory, is expected to contain immune activation, HIV infection is still associated with a remarkably high level of biomarkers of immune activation. Paradoxically, the expansion of immune suppressor cells during HIV infection can suppress potent anti-viral immune responses, which in turn contribute to viral persistence and disease progression. This indicates that HIV hijacks not only immune activation but also the immune regulatory responses to its advantage. In this work, we aim to pave the way to comprehend how such unwanted expansion of MDSCs could participate in the pathology of acute/primary and chronic HIV infection in humans, as well as simian immunodeficiency virus infection in rhesus macaques, according to the available literature.

scholarly journals Chronic Immune Activation Associated with Chronic Helminthic and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infections: Role of Hyporesponsiveness and Anergy

2004 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 1012-1030 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gadi Borkow ◽  
Zvi Bentwich
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Immune Activation ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Chronic Immune Activation ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Chronic Infections ◽  
Helminth Infections ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

SUMMARY Chronic immune activation is one of the hallmarks of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. It is present also, with very similar characteristics, in very large human populations infested with helminthic infections. We have tried to review the studies addressing the changes in the immune profiles and responses of hosts infected with either one of these two chronic infections. Not surprisingly, several of the immune derangements and impairments seen in HIV infection, and considered by many to be the “specific” effects of HIV, can be found in helminth-infected but HIV-noninfected individuals and can thus be accounted for by the chronic immune activation itself. A less appreciated element in chronic immune activation is the immune suppression and anergy which it may generate. Both HIV and helminth infections represent this aspect in a very wide and illustrative way. Different degrees of anergy and immune hyporesponsiveness are present in these infections and probably have far-reaching effects on the ability of the host to cope with these and other infections. Furthermore, they may have important practical implications, especially with regard to protective vaccinations against AIDS, for populations chronically infected with helminths and therefore widely anergic. The current knowledge of the mechanisms responsible for the generation of anergy by chronic immune activation is thoroughly reviewed.

scholarly journals Mucosal and Systemic Immune Activation Is Present in Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Exposed Seronegative Women

2000 ◽  
Vol 182 (5) ◽  
pp. 1365-1374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mara Biasin ◽  
Sergio Lo Caputo ◽  
Livianna Speciale ◽  
Fulvia Colombo ◽  
Luigi Racioppi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Immune Activation ◽  
Systemic Immune Activation ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

scholarly journals Malaria Infection Induces Virus Expression in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Transgenic Mice by CD4 T Cell–Dependent Immune Activation

2001 ◽  
Vol 183 (8) ◽  
pp. 1260-1268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corona Freitag ◽  
Claire Chougnet ◽  
Marco Schito ◽  
Karen A. Near ◽  
Gene M. Shearer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Transgenic Mice ◽  
Immune Activation ◽  
Malaria Infection ◽  
Cd4 T Cell ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Virus Expression

scholarly journals High Levels of Chronic Immune Activation in the T-Cell Compartments of Patients Coinfected with Hepatitis C Virus and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 and on Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy Are Reverted by Alpha Interferon and Ribavirin Treatment

2009 ◽  
Vol 83 (21) ◽  
pp. 11407-11411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veronica D. Gonzalez ◽  
Karolin Falconer ◽  
Kim G. Blom ◽  
Olle Reichard ◽  
Birgitte Mørn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Hepatitis C Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Immune Activation ◽  
Chronic Immune Activation ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv 1

ABSTRACT Chronic immune activation is a driver of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) disease progression. Here, we describe that subjects with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV)/HIV-1 coinfection display sharply elevated immune activation as determined by CD38 expression in T cells. This occurs, despite effective antiretroviral therapy, in both CD8 and CD4 T cells and is more pronounced than in the appropriate monoinfected control groups. Interestingly, the suppression of HCV by pegylated alpha interferon and ribavirin treatment reduces activation. High HCV loads and elevated levels of chronic immune activation may contribute to the high rates of viral disease progression observed in HCV/HIV-1-coinfected patients.

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