scholarly journals Independent Research and Development or Technology Mergers and Acquisitions? Decision Mechanisms of Research and Development Strategies in a Two-Stage Game

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Fenglian Wang ◽  
Zongming Zhang ◽  
Hua Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Mergers And Acquisitions ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Profit Maximization ◽  
Spillover Effect ◽  
Spillover Effects ◽  
Theory Model ◽  
Development Strategies ◽  
Independent Research ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Stage Game

This research introduces the three variables of spillover effect, research and development efficiency, and cost of mergers and acquisitions as the chief factors affecting independent research and development and technology mergers and acquisitions based on a two-stage game theory model of research and development strategies. Using these three variables, this research explains the selection of independent research and development or technology mergers and acquisitions according to profit maximization. Based on the theory model, this research finds that costs of mergers and acquisitions and spillover effects play a significant role in research and development decisions. In addition, excessive costs of mergers and acquisitions can increase research and development expenditures, therefore reducing profit and affecting the organizational operation and development. Therefore, when the costs of mergers and acquisitions exceed a certain level, companies will abandon technology mergers and acquisitions and choose independent research and development; and a higher knowledge spillover effect reduces the costs of independent research and development, therefore increasing profit. In conclusion, given certain costs of mergers and acquisitions, a higher spillover effect helps business organizations to choose independent research and development strategies.

Spillover Effects of Research and Development, Exports and Foreign Investment on Productivity

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Pradeep ◽  
Mita Bhattacharya ◽  
Jong-Rong Chen
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Spillover Effect ◽  
Spillover Effects ◽  
Manufacturing Firms ◽  
Method Of Moment ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Positive Spillover ◽  
Foreign Presence ◽  
Generalized Method Of Moment ◽  
Productivity And Competitiveness

The economic reforms in India since the early 1990s have aimed to improve the productivity and competitiveness of major industries. This article examines direct and indirect (spillover) effects from research and development (R&D), exporting activities and foreign direct investment (FDI) on the productivity of foreign and domestic manufacturing firms. Our empirical model employs data from over 1,000 Indian manufacturing firms between 1994 and 2008. With a balanced panel, robust estimation techniques including generalized method of moment (GMM) and system-GMM (sys-GMM) are employed for our empirical analysis. In most cases, our findings indicate that foreign presence has a significant positive spillover effect on the productivity of Indian manufacturing firms when compared to alternative spillovers from R&D and export initiatives. The spillover effects may vary due to R&D efforts and exporting activities. We also find that spillovers may vary between FDI and non-FDI firms and with the technological advances of industries.

Are Walkable Neighborhoods More Resilient to the Foreclosure Spillover Effects?

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 463-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaewoong Won ◽  
Chanam Lee ◽  
Wei Li
Keyword(s):  
Built Environment ◽  
Property Values ◽  
Spillover Effect ◽  
Spillover Effects ◽  
Development Strategies ◽  
High Income ◽  
Moderating Effects ◽  
Interaction Term

Since 2007, many studies have explored the price spillover effect of foreclosures. However, none has examined the potential moderating effects of built-environment characteristics such as walkability. By using the interaction term between neighborhood foreclosure and walkability, this study found that property values in walkable neighborhoods were less subject to foreclosure spillover, but this was only significant for middle/high-income neighborhoods. Walkable neighborhoods were shown to offer more advantages in maintaining neighborhood stability during the recovery of 2013 than in the market crash of 2010. This study supports development strategies and policies that include walkability to achieve neighborhood stability and livability.

Effects of tourism development on economic growth: An empirical study of China based on both static and dynamic spatial Durbin models

2021 ◽  
pp. 135481662110211
Author(s):  
Honghong Liu ◽  
Ye Xiao ◽  
Bin Wang ◽  
Dianting Wu
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Spillover Effect ◽  
Tourism Development ◽  
Spillover Effects ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Spatial Spillover ◽  
Domestic Tourism ◽  
Inbound Tourism ◽  
Spatial Spillover Effect

This study applies the dynamic spatial Durbin model (SDM) to explore the direct and spillover effects of tourism development on economic growth from the perspective of domestic and inbound tourism. The results are compared with those from the static SDM. The results support the tourism-led-economic-growth hypothesis in China. Specifically, domestic tourism and inbound tourism play a significant role in stimulating local economic growth. However, the spatial spillover effect is limited to domestic tourism, and the spatial spillover effect of inbound tourism is not significant. Furthermore, the long-term effects are much greater than the short-term impact for both domestic and inbound tourism. Plausible explanations of these results are provided and policy implications are drawn.

scholarly journals Regional Disparity and Patients Mobility: Benefits and Spillover Effects of the Spatial Network Structure of the Health Services in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 1096
Author(s):  
Liping Fu ◽  
Kaibo Xu ◽  
Feng Liu ◽  
Lu Liang ◽  
Zhengmin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Health Economic ◽  
Health Services ◽  
Network Structure ◽  
Spillover Effect ◽  
Spillover Effects ◽  
Health Economy ◽  
Spatial Network ◽  
Spatial Effects ◽  
Medical Resource ◽  
Medical Resources

Background: The distribution of medical resources in China is seriously imbalanced due to imbalanced economic development in the country; unbalanced distribution of medical resources makes patients try to seek better health services. Against this backdrop, this study aims to analyze the spatial network characteristics and spatial effects of China’s health economy, and then find evidence that affects patient mobility. Methods: Data for this study were drawn from the China Health Statistical Yearbooks and China Statistical Books. The gravitational value of China’s health spatial network was calculated to establish a network of gravitational relationships. The social network analysis method was used for centrality analysis and spillover effect analysis. Results: A gravity correlation matrix was constructed among provinces by calculating the gravitational value, indicating the spatial relationships of different provinces in the health economic network. Economically developed provinces, such as Shanghai and Jiangsu, are at the center of the health economic network (centrality degree = 93.333). These provinces also play a strong intermediary role in the network and have connections with other provinces. In the CONCOR analysis, 31 provinces are divided into four blocks. The spillover effect of the blocks indicates provinces with medical resource centers have beneficial effects, while provinces with insufficient resources have obvious spillover effects. Conclusion: There is a significant gap in the geographical distribution of medical resources, and the health economic spatial network structure needs to be improved. Most medical resources are concentrated in economically developed provinces, and these provinces’ positions in the health economic spatial network are becoming more centralized. By contrast, economically underdeveloped regions are at the edge of the network, causing patients to move to provinces with medical resource centers. There are health risks of the increasing pressure to seek medical treatment in developed provinces with abundant medical resources.

scholarly journals Spatial Spillover Effect and Influencing Factors of Information Flow in Urban Agglomerations—Case Study of China Based on Baidu Search Index

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 8032
Author(s):  
Chengzhuo Wu ◽  
Li Zhuo ◽  
Zhuo Chen ◽  
Haiyan Tao
Keyword(s):  
Influencing Factors ◽  
Information Flow ◽  
Spillover Effect ◽  
Spillover Effects ◽  
Urban Agglomeration ◽  
Coordinated Development ◽  
Spatial Spillover ◽  
Urban Agglomerations ◽  
Search Index ◽  
Spatial Spillover Effect

Cities in an urban agglomeration closely interact with each other through various flows. Information flow, as one of the important forms of urban interactions, is now increasingly indispensable with the fast development of informatics technology. Thanks to its timely, convenient, and spatially unconstrained transmission ability, information flow has obvious spillover effects, which may strengthen urban interaction and further promote urban coordinated development. Therefore, it is crucial to quantify the spatial spillover effect and influencing factors of information flows, especially at the urban agglomeration scale. However, the academic research on this topic is insufficient. We, therefore, developed a spatial interaction model of information flow (SIM-IF) based on the Baidu Search Index and used it to analyze the spillover effects and influencing factors of information flow in the three major urban agglomerations in China, namely Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH), the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), and the Pearl River Delta (PRD) in the period of 2014–2019. The results showed that the SIM-IF performed well in all three agglomerations. Quantitative analysis indicated that the BTH had the strongest spillover effect of information flow, followed by the YRD and the PRD. It was also found that the hierarchy of cities had the greatest impact on the spillover effects of information flow. This study may provide scientific basis for the information flow construction in urban agglomerations and benefit the coordinated development of cities.

scholarly journals Cooperative Green Technology Innovation of an E-Commerce Sales Channel in a Two-Stage Supply Chain

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 7499
Author(s):  
Zongyu Mu ◽  
Yuangang Zheng ◽  
Hao Sun
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Technology Innovation ◽  
Spillover Effect ◽  
Product Market ◽  
Free Riding ◽  
Green Technology ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Sales Channel ◽  
Innovation Activities

The potential broad market of green consumption has encouraged an increasing number of enterprises to carry out green technology innovation activities. This paper examines a two-stage supply chain of e-commerce sales channels under different cooperative models. We find that consumers’ green preferences are the main factor that affects green product market demand. The manufacturer and the retailer can raise the levels of green technology innovation and extend green promotional services to expand product market demand in online and offline channels. However, consumers’ e-commerce preferences and online free-riding behaviors affect the manufacturer’s sales channel choice. The retailer can improve the level of green promotional services to hold offline channel market demand, while promotional behaviors have a positive/negative spillover effect on online market demand if the level of free riding falls above/below consumers’ e-commerce preferences. The higher the cooperative level is, the later the manufacturer will open the online channel and close the offline channel to ensure a high level of green promotional service from the cooperative retailer. The results show that the stronger the level of cooperation among all members is, the better the economic, ecological, and social benefits will be. Therefore, we design a revenue-cost sharing contract that can effectively motivate green technology innovation and green promotional services and afford all members win-win profits.

scholarly journals Spillovers and R&D Incentive under Incomplete Information

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 50-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rittwik Chatterjee ◽  
Srobonti Chattopadhyay ◽  
Tarun Kabiraj
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Function ◽  
Incomplete Information ◽  
Private Information ◽  
Complete Information ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
General Distribution ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Stage Game ◽  
Alternative Scenarios

Spillovers of R&D outcome affect the R&D decision of a firm. The present paper discusses the R&D incentives of a firm when the extent of R&D spillover is private information to each firm. We construct a two-stage game involving two firms when the firms first decide simultaneously whether to invest in R&D or not, then they compete in quantity. Assuming general distribution function of firm types we compare R&D incentives of firms under alternative scenarios based on different informational structures. The paper shows that while R&D spillovers reduce R&D incentives under complete information unambiguously, however, it can be larger under incomplete information. JEL Classification: D43, D82, L13, O31

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