scholarly journals Energy-Spectral Efficiency Optimization in Wireless Underground Sensor Networks Using Salp Swarm Algorithm

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Mariem Ayedi ◽  
Esraa Eldesouky ◽  
Jabeen Nazeer
Keyword(s):  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Spectral Efficiency ◽  
Packet Transmission ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Green Communication ◽  
Soil Medium ◽  
Salp Swarm Algorithm ◽  
Battery Capacity ◽  
Swarm Algorithm ◽  
Wireless Underground Sensor Networks

Achieving high data rate transmission is critically constrained by green communication metrics in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). A unified metric ensuring a successful compromise between the energy efficiency (EE) and the spectral efficiency (SE) is, then, an interesting design criterion in such systems. In this paper, we focus on EE-SE tradeoff optimization in Wireless Underground Sensor Networks (WUSNs) where signals penetrate through a challenging lossy soil medium and nodes’ power supply is critical. Underground sensor nodes gather and send sensory information to underground relay nodes which amplify-and-retransmit received signals to an aboveground sink node. We propose to optimize source and relay powers used for each packet transmission using an efficient recent metaheuristic optimization algorithm called Salp Swarm Algorithm (SSA). Thus, the optimal source and relay transmission powers, which maximize the EE-SE tradeoff under the maximum allowed transmission powers and the initial battery capacity constraints, are obtained. Further, we study the case where the underground medium properties are dynamic and change from a transmission to another. For this situation, we propose to allocate different maximum node powers according to the soil medium conditions. Simulation results prove that our proposed optimization achieves a significant EE-SE tradeoff and prolongs the network’s lifetime compared to the fixed allocation node power scheme. Additional gain is obtained in case of dynamic medium conditions.

scholarly journals An Attenuation Model of Node Signals in Wireless Underground Sensor Networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 4642
Author(s):  
Meng Han ◽  
Zenglin Zhang ◽  
Jie Yang ◽  
Jiayun Zheng ◽  
Wenting Han
Keyword(s):  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Signal Transmission ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Burial Depth ◽  
Horizontal Distance ◽  
Signal Attenuation ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Soil Medium ◽  
Attenuation Model ◽  
Wireless Underground Sensor Networks

Wireless underground sensor networks (WUSN) consist of sensor nodes that are operated in the soil medium. To evaluate the signal attenuation law of WUSN nodes, in this study, a WUSN node signal transmission test platform was built in the laboratory. The signal intensity data of WUSN nodes under different experimental conditions were obtained by orthogonal test. The WUSN node signal attenuation model was established. The test results show that the transmission of WUSN node signals in the soil medium is seriously affected by soil moisture content, node burial depth, soil compactness, and horizontal distance between nodes. The R2 of the models was between 0.790 and 0.893, and the RMSE of the models was between 2.489 and 4.192 dbm. Then, the WUSN node signal attenuation model involving the four factors was established. The R2 and RMSE of the model were, respectively, 0.822 and 4.87 dbm. The WUSN node signal attenuation model established in this paper can facilitate WUSN node deployment.

A Heuristic Optimized Algorithm for Energy Optimization in Wireless Sensor Networks

2010 ◽  
Vol 34-35 ◽  
pp. 1019-1023
Author(s):  
Zhao Feng Yang ◽  
Ai Wan Fan
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Optimal Algorithm ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Adaptive Clustering ◽  
Battery Capacity

Wireless sensor networks consist of hundreds or thousands of sensor nodes that involve numerous restrictions including computation capability and battery capacity. In this paper we propose an optimal algorithm with genetic algorithm taken into consideration, and compare it with three well known and widely used approaches, i.e., LEACH and LEACH-C, in performance evaluation. Experimental results show that the proposed approach increases the overall network lifetime, and data delivery at the base station than the other routing protocols. Key words: Wireless sensor networks, base station, heuristic optimized genetic algorithm, low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy

scholarly journals Energy-Efficient Broadcasting Scheme for Smart Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhuangbin Chen ◽  
Anfeng Liu ◽  
Zhetao Li ◽  
Young-June Choi ◽  
Hiroo Sekiya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Packet Transmission ◽  
Link Quality ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Smart Devices ◽  
Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Network Upgrade

In smart Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks (IWSNs), sensor nodes usually adopt a programmable technology. These smart devices can obtain new or special functions by reprogramming: they upgrade their soft systems through receiving new version of program codes. If sensor nodes need to be upgraded, the sink node will propagate program code packets to them through “one-to-many” broadcasting, and therefore new capabilities can be obtained, forming the so-called Software Defined Network (SDN). However, due to the high volume of code packet, the constraint energy of sensor node, and the unreliable link quality of wireless network, rapidly broadcasting the code packets to all nodes in network can be a challenge issue. In this paper, a novel Energy-efficient Broadcast scheme with adjustable broadcasting radius is proposed aiming to improve the performance of network upgrade. In our scheme, the nonhotspots sensor nodes take full advantage of their residual energy caused in data collection period to improve the packet reception probability and reduce the broadcasting delay of code packet transmission by enlarging the broadcasting radius, that is, the transmitting power. The theoretical analyses and experimental results show that, compared with previous work, our approach can averagely reduce the Network Upgrade Delay (NUD) by 14.8%–45.2% and simultaneously increase the reliability without harming the lifetime of network.

A novel approach of localization with Single Mobile Anchor using Salp Swarm Algorithm in Wireless Sensor Networks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shalli Rani ◽  
Pardeep Kaur ◽  
vinayakumar ravi ◽  
Gautam Srivast ◽  
Abu-Mahfouz A. M.
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Particle Swarm Optimization ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Particle Swarm ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Swarm Optimization ◽  
Salp Swarm Algorithm ◽  
Mobile Anchor ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Swarm Algorithm

Abstract Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have fabulous attributes to collect data by sensing the surrounding environment. WSNs have a large number of applications that are facing challenges of routing, security, deployment, prolonged lifetime, data computation, and localization. To achieve the high-level performance of WSNs, many researchers have proposed various computational Intelligence (CI) based algorithms for the above-mentioned challenges. The procedure to determine the location of the target node is called node localization. It is easy to determine the coordinates of static nodes accurately but challenging task for the mobile nodes. Localization accuracy directly affects the WSN’s performance. In this paper, a range-based and distributed method are proposed by using the application of the Salp Swarm Algorithm (SSA), and the simulation results are compared with existing approaches such as Particle swarm Optimization (PSO) and H-best Particle Swarm Optimization (HPSO). In this paper, a single mobile anchor node as a reference node traversing the entire network in the Hilbert path and localize the mobile target nodes that are randomly deployed in the networking area. The primary goal behind selecting the Hilbert trajectory is to reduce the issue of LoS. The simulation results show that the proposed method has low localization error and an approximate double number of localized nodes with less computing time as compared to existing methods.

scholarly journals Wireless Underground Sensor Networks: Channel Modeling and Operation Analysis in the Terahertz Band

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mustafa Alper Akkaş ◽  
Radosveta Sokullu
Keyword(s):  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Channel Model ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Path Loss ◽  
Channel Modeling ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Main Challenge ◽  
Wireless Underground Sensor Networks

Wireless underground sensor networks (WUSNs) are networks of sensor nodes operating below the ground surface, which are envisioned to provide real-time monitoring capabilities in the complex underground environments consisting of soil, water, oil, and other components. In this paper, we investigate the possibilities and limitations of using WUSNs for increasing the efficiency of oil recovery processes. To realize this, millimeter scale sensor nodes with antennas at the same scale should be deployed in the confined oil reservoir fractures. This necessitates the sensor nodes to be operating in the terahertz (THz) range and the main challenge is establishing reliable underground communication despite the hostile environment which does not allow the direct use of most existing wireless solutions. The major problems are extremely high path loss, small communication range, and high dynamics of the electromagnetic (EM) waves when penetrating through soil, sand, and water and through the very specific crude oil medium. The objective of the paper is to address these issues in order to propose a novel communication channel model considering the propagation properties of terahertz EM waves in the complex underground environment of the oil reservoirs and to investigate the feasible transmission distances between nodes for different water-crude-oil-soil-CO2compositions.

scholarly journals Energy and Delay Constrained Packet Transmission MAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.4) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Jin Young Lee ◽  
Seong Cheol Kim ◽  
Hye Yun Kim
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Mac Protocol ◽  
Packet Transmission ◽  
Transmission Delay ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Destination Node ◽  
Event Driven ◽  
Burst Data

In this paper, we present an energy and time constrained packet transmission MAC Protocol which we call ED-MAC for event-driven applications such as fire detection in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). In this kind of WSNs, sensor nodes send a burst data when there is an event in the measuring field. These events are usually critical, so the measured burst data should be transmitted in limited time to their final destination node, sink node. Therefore, the packet transmission delay is considered to be a crucial requirement in event-driven applications. The ED-MAC protocol reduces the packet transmission delay and average node energy consumption in comparison to existing related MAC protocols. 

scholarly journals Event Reliability in Wireless Sensor Networks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Muhammad Mahmood
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Data Flow ◽  
Packet Transmission ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Event Identification ◽  
Unique Event ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
Energy Congestion

<p>Ensuring reliable transport of data in resource-constrained Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is one of the primary concerns to achieve a high degree of efficiency in monitoring and control systems. The two reliability mechanisms typically used in WSNs are packet reliability and event reliability. Packet reliability, which requires all packets from all the sensor nodes to reach the sink, can result in wastage of the sensors' limited energy resources. Event reliability, which only requires that one packet related to each event reaches the sink, exploits the overlap of the sensing regions of densely deployed sensor nodes to eliminate redundant packets from nodes in close proximity that contain duplicate information about an event.  The majority of previous research in this area focuses on packet reliability rather than event reliability. Moreover, the research that does focus on event reliability relies on the sink to impose some form of control over the flow of data in the network. The sinks' centralized control and decision-making increases the transmission of unnecessary packets, which degrades overall network performance in terms of energy, congestion and data flow.  This thesis proposes a distributed approach to the control of the flow of data in which each node makes in-node decisions using data readily available to it. This reduces the transmission of unnecessary packets, which reduces the network cost in terms of energy, congestion, and data flow. The major challenges involved in this research are to: (i) accurately identify that multiple packets are carrying information about the same event, (ii) reliably deliver the packets carrying information about the unique event, (iii) ensure that enough information about the area of interest is reliably delivered to the sink, and (iv) maintain the event coverage throughout the network.  This thesis presents the Event Reliability Protocol (ERP) and its extension, the Enhanced Event Reliability Protocol (EERP). The protocols aim for the reliable transmission of a packet containing information about each unique event to the sink while identifying and minimizing the unnecessary transmission of similar redundant packets from nodes in the region of the event. In this way, the sensor nodes consume less energy and increase the overall network lifetime. EERP uses a multilateration technique to identify multiple packets containing similar event information and thus is able to filter redundant packets of the same event. It also makes use of implicit acknowledgment (iACKs) for reliable delivery of the packets to the sink node. The process is based on the hop-by-hop mechanism where the decisions are made locally by the intermediate nodes.  The thesis reports on simulations in QualNet 5.2 for verifying the accuracy of our event identification and event reliability mechanisms employed in the ERP and EERP. The results show that EERP performs better in terms of minimizing overall packet transmission and hence the energy consumption at the sensor nodes in a WSN. Also, the results for event identification mechanism and reliable event delivery show that EERP considerably improves upon other protocols in terms of unique events delivery.</p>

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