scholarly journals Cytokine Response Profiles of School-Aged Children Infected with Schistosomiasis before and after Praziquantel Treatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Edward Okonjo ◽  
Dorcas Yole ◽  
Dorington Ogoyi
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Response ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Cytokine Response ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
Praziquantel Treatment ◽  
Cytokine Levels ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Parasitic Load ◽  
Ifn Γ

Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease that affects millions of people in 78 countries globally. Children under the age of 14, who have the chronic disease may suffer from anemia and malnutrition that contribute to lost days at school and pervasive learning disabilities. The infection is prevalent in Kenya, especially in endemic areas, contributing to significant morbidity. The cellular response pattern is associated with both the acute and chronic phases of the disease, in which cytokines play a critical role. The objective of this study was to evaluate the cytokine profiles of IL-4, IL-2, IL-10, IL-5, IFN-γ, and TNF in serum samples of infected school-aged children by using flow cytometry before and after treatment. The analysis indicated a shift in the expression of the cytokines after treatment with all the cytokines being downregulated, except TNF. There was a general trend of decrease in the expression of the cytokines at six and twelve weeks after treatment as compared to the pretreatment levels. There were statistically significant differences in the expression in IL-2 ( P = 0.001 ∗ ∗ ), IL-4 ( P = 0.033 ∗ ), IL-10 ( P = 0.001 ∗ ∗ ∗ ), IFN-γ ( P = 0.023 ∗ ), and IL-5 ( P = 0.0001 ∗ ∗ ∗ ), except in TNF ( P = 0.095 ). The reduction in the cytokine levels can be directly related to the influence of the drug praziquantel, modulating the cytokine response by elimination of adult worms, decline in parasitic load, and reduction of morbidity. Therefore, cytokine response is directly related with the influence of treatment in the variation of the immune response.

scholarly journals Persistently increased systemic ACE2 activity and Furin levels are associated with increased inflammatory response in smokers with SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gagandeep Kaur ◽  
Shaiesh Yogeswaran ◽  
Thivanka Muthumalage ◽  
Irfan Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Enzymatic Activity ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Lipid Mediators ◽  
Smoking History ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Cytokine Analysis ◽  
Cytokine Levels ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Related Proteins

AbstractBackgroundTobacco smoking is known to be involved in the pathogenesis of several cardiopulmonary diseases, and smokers are susceptible to infectious agents. However, the progression of lung injury based on COVID-19 susceptibility and severity amongst smokers and those with pre-existing pulmonary diseases is not known. We determined the systemic expression and activity of COVID-19 related proteins, cytokine/chemokines, and lipid mediators (lipidomics) amongst COVID-19 patients with and without a history of smoking with a view to define biomarkers.MethodsWe obtained serum from COVID-19 positive and COVID-19 recovered patients with and without a history of smoking. We conducted a Luminex multiplex assay (cytokine levels), LC/MS (eicosanoids or oxylipin panel) and enzymatic activity assays on the serum samples to study the systemic changes in COVID-19 patients.ResultsOn comparing the cytokine profiles among COVID-19 positive and COVID-19 negative patients, we found a significant upregulation in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-1α, IL-8, IL-2, VEGF and IL-10 in COVID-19 positive patients as compared to the respective controls. Interestingly, smoking history resulted in further augmentation of the release of some hyper-inflammatory cytokines, like IFN-γ, Eotaxin, MCP-1 and IL-9 amongst COVID-19 positive patients. The enzymatic activity for ACE2, the binding partner for SARS-CoV2 virus in the host cell, was found to be significantly increased in the serum of patients with a smoking history compared to the serum collected from the non-smoking controls. Similarly to our cytokine analysis, our measurement of serum Furin levels was also affected by the patient’s smoking history, in which we reported a substantial rise in serum Furin levels of COVID-19 patients. The analysis of lipid mediators revealed a distinct signature amongst the COVID-19 positive versus recovered subjects in PGF2α, HETEs, LXA4 and LTB4 levels. However, we did not find any changes in the levels of any lipid mediators based on the smoking history of the patients. Overall, our results point towards distinct systemic signatures amongst COVID-19 positive patients. We also show that smoking adversely affects the systemic levels of inflammatory markers and COVID-19 related proteins, thus suggesting that COVID-19 infection may have severe outcomes amongst smokers which is reflected systemically.

scholarly journals Plasma cytokine profiles associated with rhodesiense sleeping sickness and falciparum malaria co-infection in North Eastern Uganda

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julius Nsubuga ◽  
Charles Drago Kato ◽  
Ann Nanteza ◽  
Enock Matovu ◽  
Vincent Pius Alibu
Keyword(s):  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Cytokine Response ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Plasma Cytokine ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Cytokine Levels ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Eastern Uganda

Abstract Background Immunological Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) studies often exclude malaria, although both infections overlap in specific endemic areas. During this co-infection, it is not known whether this parasitic interaction induces synergistic or antagonistic cytokine response among humans. This study determined prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum malaria among Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense HAT and plasma cytokine profile levels associated with HAT and/or malaria infections. Methods Participants were recruited at Lwala hospital in north eastern Uganda: healthy controls (30), malaria (28), HAT (17), HAT and malaria (15) diagnosed by microscopy and PCR was carried out for parasite species identification. Plasma cytokine levels of Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), Tumour Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α), Interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10 and Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-β) were measured by sandwich Enzyme-Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay and data statistically analysed using Graphpad Prism 6.0. Results The prevalence of P. falciparum malaria among T. rhodesiense HAT cases was high (46.8%). Malaria and/or HAT cases presented significant higher plasma cytokine levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10 and TGF-β than healthy controls (P < 0.05). Levels of IFN-γ, IL-6 and IL-10 were significantly elevated in HAT over malaria (P < 0.05) but no significant difference in TNF-α and TGF-β between HAT and malaria (P > 0.05). Co-infection expressed significantly higher plasma IFN-γ, IL-6, and IL-10 levels than malaria (P < 0.05) but no significant difference with HAT mono-infection (P > 0.05). The TNF-α level was significantly elevated in co-infection over HAT or malaria mono-infections (P < 0.05) unlike TGF-β level. Significant positive correlations were identified between IFN-γ verses TNF-α and IL-6 verses IL-10 in co-infection (Spearman’s P < 0.05). Conclusions The T. b. rhodesiense significantly induced the cytokine response more than P. falciparum infections. Co-infection led to synergistic stimulation of pro-inflammatory (IFN-γ, TNF-α), and anti-inflammatory (IL-6, and IL-10) cytokine responses relative to malaria mono-infection. Level of TNF-α partially indicates the effect induced by T. b. rhodesiense and P. falciparum mono-infections or a synergistic interaction of co-infections which may have adverse effects on pathogenesis, prognosis and resolution of the infections. Trial registration VCD-IRC/021, 26/08/2011; HS 1089, 16/01/2012

scholarly journals Dynamic Variation and Clinical Significance of the Cytokine Level Changes in Children with Acute Leukemia during Chemotherapy

Blood ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 126 (23) ◽  
pp. 4879-4879
Author(s):  
Xuedong Wu ◽  
Yuanfang Jing ◽  
Jianyun Wen ◽  
Libai Chen ◽  
Chunfu Li
Keyword(s):  
Febrile Neutropenia ◽  
Acute Leukemia ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
Interferon Γ ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Early Diagnose

Abstract Background: Cytokines and infection are closely related. One of the hot spots is the indexes which can early diagnose and predict prognosis of febrile neutropenia patients with acute leukemia. It is importment to find predictors of infection in febrile neutropenia patients. Aim: To investigate the variation of CRP(C-reactive protein), IL-6(interleukin 6), IL-8(interleukin 8) and IFN-γ (interferon γ) in children with acute leukemia before and after febrile neutropenia, and evaluate the reliability of plasma interleukin (IL) and CRP levels as indicators of febrile neutropenia patient. Methods: We selected 40 cases of children with acute leukemia from Pediatric department of Nanfang Hospital,Southern Medical University,including 27 cases of acute lymphoblastic leukemia(67.5%),13 cases of acute myeloid leukemia(32.5%). The mean age was 7 years(range:1-14).We used Luminex immunoassay to detected levels of cytokines, which include CRP, IL-6, IL -8 and IFN-γ. Serum samples were collected before chemotherapy(T0),3 days after chemotherapy(T1), 1 day after confirmation of febrile neutropenia, (T2), 3 days after febrile neutropenia (T3), 7 days after febrile neutropenia (i.e. the use of antibiotics 7 days,T4), recovery after chemotherapy(T5). Results: Compared T1、T5 to T0, the levels of CRP, IL-6 were no statistically significant(P>0.05). Compared T1 to T0, the levels of IFN-γ and IL -8 were statistically significant(P=0.005 and P=0.002); Compared T5 to T0 and T5 to T1, the levels of IFN-γ and IL-8 were no statistically significant(P>0.05). In T0, T1 and T5 phase, the levels of IL-6, IL-8, IFN-γ and CRP were not correlated (P>0.05). Compared T2, T3 to T0, the level of CRP increased significantly after infection early in the fever, and the level of CRP increased in 24 hours.Compared T2, T3 to T0, the levels of IL-6, IL-8 were statistically significant, the level of IL-8 decreased after infection, but the level of IL-6 level increased in 24 hours.There were significant positive correlation between CRP and IL-6 in T2, T3 and T4 phase. Conclusions. The level of CRP increased significantly after infection early in the fever, and the level of CRP increased in 24 hours. the level of IL-8 decreased after infection,but the level of IL-6 level increased in 24 hours.The levels of CRP, IL-8 and IL-6 can be useful markers to identify febrile neutropenia in children with acute leukemia. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

scholarly journals Evaluation of serum cytokine levels in recurrent airway obstruction

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 785-791 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Niedźwiedź ◽  
H. Borowicz ◽  
K. Kubiak ◽  
J. Nicpoń ◽  
P. Skrzypczak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Airway Obstruction ◽  
Recurrent Airway Obstruction ◽  
Serum Cytokine ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Th2 Response ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Reversible Airway Obstruction ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Cytokine Levels ◽  
Ifn Γ

Abstract Recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) represents a serious health problem and is traditionally classified as an allergic disease, where contact with an antigen can induce clinical airway inflammation, bronchial hyper-responsiveness and reversible airway obstruction. Previous studies have demonstrated the presence of the Th2 response in the lungs of human patients with asthma and horses with heaves. These cells are involved in the production of cytokines which regulate the synthesis of immunoglobulins. 40 horses were evaluated: 30 horses with RAO and 10 healthy animals. The expression levels of interferon-alpha 1 (IFN-α1), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin-1β, (IL-1β), IL-2, IL-4, IL-13 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were measured in the serum obtained from control and RAO-susceptible horses during crisis. In all the patients, serum cytokine levels were detected. Serum median IL-13 and IFN-γ levels were significantly higher in RAO-affected horses than in the healthy group (p < 0.001). The serum median IFN-α1, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, and TNF-α levels were similar in both groups. These results indicate a low variability of the levels of cytokines and a high frequency of their detection in serum samples from horses with RAO. Immune mechanisms involved in equine RAO are more complex than those defined by a simple Th1/Th2 dichotomy.

scholarly journals Investigation of Immunopathological Processes Associated with the Development of Liver Fibrosis

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-58
Author(s):  
Эдвард Волчек
Keyword(s):  
Liver Fibrosis ◽  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Liver Stiffness ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Cytokine Levels ◽  
Liver Elastography ◽  
Ifn Γ

The aim of this study was to determine the dependence of the course of liver fibrosis on the functional state of the immune system, in particular, on the imbalance of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory immune reactions that are formed in patients during the development of the disease. The study included 30 patients with chronic liver diseases (18 patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) and 12 patients with alcoholic liver disease (ALD), 15 healthy individuals were the comparison group. Liver elastography (FibroScan) was used to evaluate liver stiffness and determine fibrosis stages according to METAVIR classification. The following cytokine levels were measured in the serum samples of the group: IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-8, VEGF and TGF-β. According to the data presented in this work, in patients with CHC and ALD, there was a statistically significant increase in serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, namely: IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-6 and IL-8. Interestingly, elevated TGF-β values ​​were found in patients with CHC, but not in patients with ALD. Significantly lower concentrations of VEGF were observed in both study groups. There was also a significant decrease in serum IL-4 in patients with CHC, whereas in patients with ALD such a decrease was not statistically significant. Serum IL-1β content was approximately equally elevated in the early and late stages of fibrosis. A sharp rise in serum TNF-α levels occurred in the early stages of fibrosis. In the later stages, the rise in the level was replaced by a sharp fall. However, the serum levels of TNF-α in the later stages of liver fibrosis still significantly exceeded control values. The serum levels of IFN-γ in patients significantly exceeded control values without changes in different stages of fibrosis. Relatively high levels of serum IL-2 and IL-6 were noted only in the later stages of the disease. In both groups of patients, a clear dependence of serum levels of IL-8 on the stage of fibrosis was revealed. Analysis of the data allows us to conclude that immune mechanisms play a significant role in the pathogenesis of degenerative liver diseases. Therefore further studies of the mechanism and role of immune factors is required to explore possible diagnostic and therapeutic applications.

scholarly journals Schistosoma japonicum: The design and experimental evaluation of a multivalent DNA vaccine

2006 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunyan Li ◽  
Longjiang Yu ◽  
Zhi Liu ◽  
Lu Zhu ◽  
Yuan Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Vaccine ◽  
Intramuscular Injection ◽  
Antibody Detection ◽  
Spleen Cells ◽  
Post Challenge ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Japonicum Cercariae ◽  
Ifn Γ

AbstractThe aim of this study was to construct and evaluate the immunity efficacy of the DNA multivalent vaccine pVIVO2SjFABP-23. The vaccine was constructed and produced as follows. Forty BALB/c mice were divided into four groups designated pVIVO2, pVIVO2Sj23, pVIVO2SjFABP and pVIVO2SjFABP-23. Each mouse was immunized with 100 μg of the corresponding plasmid DNA by intramuscular injection. 28 days post-vaccination, the mice were challenged with S. japonicum cercariae, and the worm and egg burdens were determined 42 days post-challenge. Serum samples were collected from all the mice before and after vaccination and at the end of the experiment, and used for antibody detection. The IFN-γ and IL-4 levels were quantified in the supernatants of specifically stimulated spleen cells. The number of worms was reduced by 52%, 40% and 42% in mice respectively immunized with pVIVO2SjFABP-23, pVIVO2Sj23 or pVIVO2SjFABP. A respective 61%, 38% and 39% egg reduction was determined relative to those mice that only received the empty pVIVO2 plasmid. pVIVO2SjFABP-23 immunization increased IgG levels against SWAP and SEA. Increased IFN-γ levels were detected in the supernatant of specific stimulated spleen cells from mice immunized with the 3 different constructs. The multivalent DNA vaccine developed induced higher levels of protection than the two monovalent tested vaccines.

Detection of serum cytokines before and after pharmacological and surgical treatment in patients with cystic echinococcosis

2015 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.I. Naik ◽  
R.K. Tenguria ◽  
E. Haq
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Treatment ◽  
Cystic Echinococcosis ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Serum Cytokine ◽  
Cytokine Levels ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Parasitic Zoonoses ◽  
Ifn Γ

AbstractHuman cystic echinococcosis (CE), caused by Echinococcus granulosus, is one of the most important and widespread parasitic zoonoses. One of the problems that can be encountered after treating CE patients is the risk of post-surgical relapses or treatment failure, thus a long-term clinical and serological follow-up is required to evaluate the success or failure of therapy. In the present study immunological markers have been identified to indicate the effectiveness of pharmacological and surgical treatments. The relationship between serum cytokine levels and the outcome of chemotherapy and surgery was evaluated in 50 patients with CE. Serum interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10 and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) concentrations were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) before and after pharmacological and surgical treatment. Serum cytokine levels of IL-4, IL-10 and IFN-γ were elevated in a significant proportion of patients during the active stage of disease. IL-4, IL-10 and IFN-γ were measurable in 41 (82%), 37 (74%) and 25 (50%) patients before the treatment. Clinical and radiological assessment of patients 2 years after pharmacological treatment has shown that 48 of 50 patients responded to treatment. IL-4 and IL-10 levels were decreased significantly (P< 0.05) in these patients. Conversely, patients who did not respond showed high levels of IL-4 and IL-10 and undetectable levels of IFN-γ. Hence these results suggest that serum IL-4 and IL-10 detection may be useful in the follow-up of patients with CE.

scholarly journals Antiviral Cytokine Response in Neuroinvasive and Non-Neuroinvasive West Nile Virus Infection

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 342
Author(s):  
Snjezana Zidovec-Lepej ◽  
Tatjana Vilibic-Cavlek ◽  
Ljubo Barbic ◽  
Maja Ilic ◽  
Vladimir Savic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
West Nile Virus Infection ◽  
Cytokine Response ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Th17 Cytokines ◽  
Ifn Γ

Data on the immune response to West Nile virus (WNV) are limited. We analyzed the antiviral cytokine response in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples of patients with WNV fever and WNV neuroinvasive disease using a multiplex bead-based assay for the simultaneous quantification of 13 human cytokines. The panel included cytokines associated with innate and early pro-inflammatory immune responses (TNF-α/IL-6), Th1 (IL-2/IFN-γ), Th2 (IL-4/IL-5/IL-9/IL-13), Th17 immune response (IL-17A/IL-17F/IL-21/IL-22) and the key anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Elevated levels of IFN-γ were detected in 71.7% of CSF and 22.7% of serum samples (p = 0.003). Expression of IL-2/IL-4/TNF-α and Th1 17 cytokines (IL-17A/IL-17F/IL-21) was detected in the serum but not in the CSF (except one positive CSF sample for IL-17F/IL-4). While IL-6 levels were markedly higher in the CSF compared to serum (CSF median 2036.71, IQR 213.82–6190.50; serum median 24.48, IQR 11.93–49.81; p < 0.001), no difference in the IL-13/IL-9/IL-10/IFN-γ/IL-22 levels in serum/CSF was found. In conclusion, increased concentrations of the key cytokines associated with innate and early acute phase responses (IL-6) and Th1 type immune responses (IFN-γ) were found in the CNS of patients with WNV infection. In contrast, expression of the key T-cell growth factor IL-2, Th17 cytokines, a Th2 cytokine IL-4 and the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α appear to be concentrated mainly in the periphery.

Study the Relationship Between Estrogen Hormone and Calcium in Normal Females Before and After Menopause in Baghdad / Iraq

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sameerah Mustafa ◽  
Asal Tawfeeq ◽  
Hadeel Hasan
Keyword(s):  
Oral Contraceptive ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Oral Contraceptive Pills ◽  
Contraceptive Pills ◽  
Menopausal Women ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
Age Range

This study involved the collection of (90) samples of women serum which included (30) serum samples collected from women before menopause (reproductive women) in the age range of (22-43) years and were considered as (group A- control). While, (group B) included (30) serum samples collected from women using oral contraceptive pills between the ages of (22-43) years old. Whereas, another (30) serum samples were collected from women after menopause between the ages of (43-54) years and were considered as (group C). All of the collected serum samples were subjected to a number of serological and chemical tests for the measurement of (E2, HDL, LDL and Ca). Then, the obtained data were statistical analyzed and results showed a significant decrease (p˂ 0.05) in (E2 ,Ca and HDL) levels in menopausal women compared to that of the normal healthy controls. While, there were non-significant decrease (p> 0.05) in (E2, Ca and HDL) levels in women taking oral contraceptive when compared to the normal healthy controls. On the other hand, a significant increase (p˂ 0.05) was recorded in LDL level in menopausal women compared to that of the normal healthy controls whereas, no-significant increase (p˃ 0.05) in the LDL level in women taking oral contraceptives when compared to the control women.

IL-10-592 A/C Gene Polymorphism and Cytokine Levels are Associated with Susceptibility to Drug Resistance in Tuberculosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 103-112
Author(s):  
Atefeh SADEGHI SHERMEH ◽  
Majid KHOSHMIRSAFA ◽  
Ali-Akbar DELBANDI ◽  
Payam TABARSI ◽  
Esmaeil MORTAZ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Serum Levels ◽  
World Health ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Genotype Frequencies ◽  
Cytokine Levels ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
And Function

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) and especially resistant forms of it have a substantial economic burden on the community health system for diagnosis and treatment each year. Thus, investigation of this field is a priority for the world health organization (WHO). Cytokines play important roles in the relationship between the immune system and tuberculosis. Genetic variations especially single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) impact cytokine levels and function against TB. Material and Methods: In this research SNPs in IFN-γ (+874 T/A) and IL-10 (-592 A/C) genes, and the effects of these SNPs on cytokine levels in a total of 87 tuberculosis patients and 100 healthy controls (HCs) were studied. TB patients divided into two groups: 1) 67 drug-sensitive (DS-TB) and 2) 20 drug-resistant (DR-TB) according to drug sensitivity test using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). For the genotyping of two SNPs, the PCR-based method was used and IFN-γ and IL-10 levels were measured by ELISA in pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and control group. Results: In -592A/C SNP, only two genotypes (AA, AC) were observed and both genotypes showed statistically significant differences between DR-TB and HCs (p=0.011). IL-10 serum levels in PTB patients were higher than HCs (p=0.02). The serum levels of IFN-γ were significantly higher in DS-TB patients than that of the other two groups (p<0.001); however, no significant differences were observed for allele and genotype frequencies in IFN-γ +874. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the SNP at -592 position of IL-10 gene may be associated with the susceptibility to DR-TB. However, further investigation is necessary. Keywords: Polymorphism, IFN-γ, IL-10, tuberculosis, drug-resistant tuberculosis

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