scholarly journals Identification of Salty Dietary Patterns of the Japanese Macroregion

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Masana Yokoya ◽  
Miyuki Fukuhara ◽  
Emiko Haga ◽  
Yuka Shimamura ◽  
Aki Terada
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Population Level ◽  
High Salt ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
Salt Consumption ◽  
High Salt Intake ◽  
Nutritional Balance

Objective. The traditional Japanese dietary pattern, “Washoku,” is considered to provide an ideal nutritional balance. However, it tends to have a high salt intake. To reduce population-level salt intake, it is important to review the overall dietary patterns over a wide area. Methods. To identify dietary patterns with high salt intake, partial least squares regression analysis was conducted using population-based household survey data from 52 cities. Annual salt consumption was set as the target variable, and the annual purchase weight of 109 foods was set as the explanatory variable. Result. At least three dietary patterns (traditional, urban, and local) accounted for more than 90% of the variation in salt consumption and 29% of the explanatory variables (food purchases). Traditional patterns explained the salt consumption and regional differences in energy and protein consumption; however, their relationship to fat consumption was weak. The results reconfirmed that “Washoku” has an ideal nutritional balance but has high salt intake. The distribution of scores for traditional Japanese food patterns was high in northeast Japan and low in southwest Japan, with a geographical gradient. This pattern is thought to have formed over a long period of time because of the influence of environmental factors, such as local climate.

scholarly journals High Salt Intake Increases Copeptin but Salt Sensitivity Is Associated with Fluid Induced Reduction of Copeptin in Women

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irina Tasevska ◽  
Sofia Enhörning ◽  
Philippe Burri ◽  
Olle Melander
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Salt Sensitivity ◽  
High Salt ◽  
Dietary Salt ◽  
Urinary Volume ◽  
Salt Consumption ◽  
High Salt Intake ◽  
Low Salt ◽  
Induced Changes

This study investigated if copeptin is affected by high salt intake and whether any salt-induced changes in copeptin are related to the degree of salt sensitivity. The study was performed on 20 men and 19 women. In addition to meals containing 50 mmol NaCl daily, capsules containing 100 mmol NaCl and corresponding placebo capsules were administered during 4 weeks each, in random order. Measurements of 24 h blood pressure, body weight, 24 h urinary volume, and fasting plasma copeptin were performed at high and low salt consumption. Copeptin increased after a high compared to low dietary salt consumption in all subjects 3,59 ± 2,28 versus 3,12 ± 1,95 (P= 0,02). Copeptin correlated inversely with urinary volume, at both low (r= −0,42;P= 0,001) and high (r= −0,60;P< 0,001) salt consumption, as well as with the change in body weight (r= −0,53;P< 0,001). Systolic salt sensitivity was inversely correlated with salt-induced changes of copeptin, only in females (r= −0,58;P= 0,017). As suppression of copeptin on high versus low salt intake was associated with systolic salt sensitivity in women, our data suggest that high fluid intake and fluid retention may contribute to salt sensitivity.

scholarly journals Knowledge, attitude and behaviour on salt intake and its association with hypertension in the Malaysian population: findings from MyCoSS (Malaysian Community Salt Survey)

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Azli Baharudin ◽  
Rashidah Ambak ◽  
Fatimah Othman ◽  
Viola Michael ◽  
Siew Man Cheong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
High Salt ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Salt Consumption ◽  
Malaysian Population ◽  
High Salt Intake ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Research Assistants

Abstract Background High blood pressure or hypertension has become one of the main health problems, worldwide. A number of studies have proven that an increased intake of salt was related to an increased prevalence of cardiovascular diseases. Of late, its relationship with high salt intake has received a lot of attention. Studies in Malaysia have shown both rising hypertension over time as well as high salt consumption. Actions to reduce salt intake are essential to reduce hypertension and its disease burden. As such, we carried out a study to determine associations between knowledge, attitude and behaviour towards salt intake and hypertension among the Malaysian population. Methods Data obtained from the Malaysian Community Salt Survey (MyCoSS) was used partially for this study. The survey used a cross-sectional two-stage sampling design to select a nationally representative sample of Malaysian adults aged 18 years and above living in non-institutional living quarters (LQ). Face-to-face interviews were done by trained research assistants (RA) to obtain information on sociodemography, medical report, as well as knowledge, attitude and behaviour of the respondents towards salt intake and blood pressure. Results Majority of the respondents have been diagnosed with hypertension (61.4%) as well as knowledge of the effects of high salt intake on blood pressure (58.8%). More than half of the respondents (53.3%) said they controlled their salt intake on a regular basis. Those who knew that a high salt diet could contribute to a serious health problem (OR=0.23) as well as those who controlled their salt intake (OR=0.44) were significantly less likely to have hypertension. Conclusion Awareness of the effects of sodium on human health, as well as the behaviour of controlling salt intake, is essential towards lowering the prevalence of hypertension among Malaysians.

scholarly journals Factors Influencing Salt-Reducing Behavior in Young Adults: a Pilot Cross-Sectional Study from Kazakhstan

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mina Aubakirova ◽  
Marat Sultanov ◽  
Aidarkhan Izimov ◽  
Yesbolat Sakko ◽  
Torekhan Bex ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Intake ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Young Males ◽  
Salt Consumption ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
High Salt Intake

Introduction: In Kazakhstan, a post-Soviet country in Central Asia, salt intake is estimated as high, potentially contributing to the morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this study was to explore salt intake in residents of the capital of Kazakhstan, Nur-Sultan.Methods: An online cross-sectional survey of knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors on salt intake among young adult residents of the capital city of Kazakhstan was conducted (n = 237). Bivariate and multivariate linear regression analyses were performed.Results: Although 95% (n=225) reported knowledge on the adverse health effects of high salt intake, older respondents were more aware of its association with high blood pressure (p = 0.007), heart disease (p = 0.037), and heart attack (p = 0.002). Only one-third (n=79) correctly identified the recommended level of daily salt intake. Females reported more awareness of Kazakhstani people consuming salt more than recommended (p = 0.0027) and that processed products constituted the major source of salt in diet (p = 0.007).  General dietary concern (p < 0.001), high self-assessment of salt intake (p < 0.001), and older age (p = 0.012) were found to be adjusted predictors of salt-reducing behavior.Conclusion: Lack of reported knowledge on salt-health relationship is of concern, especially among young males. A greater dietary concern and individual awareness of the excessive salt consumption is likely to assist in reducing salt intake. Further studies are required to validate the findings of this pilot study on a bigger population level in order to provide a basis for future salt related interventions and policy changes in Kazakhstan.

scholarly journals Estimation of Salt Intake and its Relation to Knowledge and Attitude Regarding the Dangers of High Salt Intake Among an Urban Omani Population

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad M Shaikh ◽  
Ali HZ Alkhayari ◽  
Qusay AK Alabdulsalam ◽  
Khamis AlHashmi ◽  
Sunil K Nadar
Keyword(s):  
Urban Population ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
High Salt ◽  
Dietary Salt ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Dietary Salt Intake ◽  
Attitudes And Practices ◽  
Salt Consumption ◽  
Knowledge And Attitudes ◽  
High Salt Intake

Objectives: High salt consumption is a major risk factor for hypertension. Studies have shown dietary salt intake to be high in many parts of the world. The aim of this study was to assess the daily salt consumption by the urban population in Oman and to assess their knowledge and attitudes towards dietary salt. Methods: This was a cross-sectional questionnaire-based study conducted between September to December 2017 in Muscat. We used previously validated questionnaires to assess salt intake and the knowledge and attitudes to salt intake. Results: 345 responses were received out of 500 distributed questionnaires (response rate 69%) of which 300 responses (27.88 + 7.9 years, 53.3% male) were included for analysis. 94% of the participants agreed that lowering salt in diet is important and nearly half the participants said that they were taking measures to reduce salt intake. However, the median salt intake was high at 10.5(7.3-15.1) gm salt/day. 90% of those questioned consume more than the maximum recommended amount of salt per day. Salt intake was significantly higher in females and older age group (>40 years of age), There did not appear to be any correlation between awareness of the dangers of salt intake and the amount consumed. Conclusion: The salt intake in our sampled population in Oman is high and does not depend on knowledge. Strategies should be designed to reduce salt intake by health education and increasing knowledge about complications of high salt intake among the urban population. Keywords: dietaray sodium chloride; knowledge attitudes and practices.

scholarly journals Modelling the impact of compliance with WHO salt recommendations on cardiovascular mortality in Russia

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
D Mukaneeva ◽  
A Kontsevaya ◽  
YU Balanova ◽  
M Khudyakov ◽  
O Drapkina
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Heart Disease ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
High Salt ◽  
Baseline Scenario ◽  
Hypertensive Disease ◽  
Salt Consumption ◽  
High Salt Intake ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Introduction High salt intake is considered the primary diet-related risk factor (being responsible for 3 million deaths and 70 million DALYs), because of its association with NCDs, such as cardiovascular diseases (ischemic heart disease, stroke, and hypertension). The World Health Organization (WHO) recommended daily salt intake is known to be &lt;5 g / day (2 g sodium per day). Despite strong evidence indicating that high salt intake relates to chronic diseases and mortality, most adults do not comply with dietary recommendations. The average amount of salt consumed per day is significantly higher and amounts to 11.35 g/day among Russian adults (2018). The purpose of this study is to model the impact of following the national salt consumption recommendations in decreasing N of death  attributable to excessive salt consumption. Methods This study provides a health impact evaluation, which models the effect of sodium reduction on mortality associated with blood pressure and CVD in 2018 in Russia. Cardiovascular disease included coronary heart disease, stroke, hypertensive disease, heart failure, aortic aneurysm, pulmonary embolism and rheumatic heart disease. The observed salt intake from the Russian National Health Survey of 2018 was used to determine the reference (baseline) scenario and the counterfactual scenario considered that average salt consumption was reduced to 5g/day. A comparative risk assessment model, the Preventable Risk Integrated ModEl (PRIME) was used to estimate the deaths from cardiovascular diseases that could be averted or postponed based on the sodium recommendation scenario compared to the baseline scenario. The sensitivity of the model to the results from the meta-analyses was assessed with Monte Carlo simulations. Results In 2018, an estimated 104 602 (95%: 46 832, 154 233) deaths from CVDs could have been prevented if the average salt consumption had been reduced to 5 g/day in Russia. Coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke and hypertensive disease accounted for 97% of these deaths. The modelled reduction in deaths for coronary heart disease was 59 454, for stroke 37 306 and for hypertensive disease 4 833. Conclusion A considerable number of lives could be saved if Russians adhered to the national salt intake recommendations.

scholarly journals High Salt Intake and Stroke: Meta-analysis of the Epidemiologic Evidence

2012 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 691-701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiu-Yang Li ◽  
Xian-Lei Cai ◽  
Ping-Da Bian ◽  
Liu-Ru Hu
Keyword(s):  
Salt Intake ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
High Salt ◽  
Epidemiologic Evidence ◽  
High Salt Intake

scholarly journals Differential responses to salt supplementation in adult male and female rat adrenal glands following intrauterine growth restriction

2011 ◽  
Vol 209 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karine Bibeau ◽  
Mélissa Otis ◽  
Jean St-Louis ◽  
Nicole Gallo-Payet ◽  
Michèle Brochu
Keyword(s):  
Protein Expression ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
High Salt ◽  
Receptor Subtypes ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Female Rat ◽  
Angiotensin Ii Receptor ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
High Salt Intake

In low sodium-induced intrauterine growth restricted (IUGR) rat, foetal adrenal steroidogenesis as well as the adult renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) is altered. The aim of the present study was to determine the expression of cytochrome P450 aldosterone synthase (P450aldo) and of angiotensin II receptor subtypes 1 (AT1R) and 2 (AT2R) in adult adrenal glands and whether this expression could be influenced by IUGR and by high-salt intake in a sex-specific manner. After 6 weeks of 0.9% NaCl supplementation, plasma renin activity, P450aldo expression and serum aldosterone levels were decreased in all groups. In males, IUGR induced an increase in AT1R, AT2R, and P450aldo levels, without changes in morphological appearance of the zona glomerulosa (ZG). By contrast, in females, IUGR had no effect on the expression of AT1R, but increased AT2R mRNA while decreasing protein expression of AT2R and P450aldo. In males, salt intake in IUGR rats reduced both AT1R mRNA and protein, while for AT2R, mRNA levels decreased whereas protein expression increased. In females, salt intake reduced ZG size in IUGR but had no affect on AT1R or AT2R expression in either group. These results indicate that, in response to IUGR and subsequently to salt intake, P450aldo, AT1R, and AT2R levels are differentially expressed in males and females. However, despite these adrenal changes, adult IUGR rats display adequate physiological and adrenal responses to high-salt intake, via RAAS inhibition, thus suggesting that extra-adrenal factors likely compensate for ZG alterations induced by IUGR.

scholarly journals High fat and/or high salt intake during pregnancy alters maternal meta-inflammation and offspring growth and metabolic profiles

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (8) ◽  
pp. e12110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clare M. Reynolds ◽  
Mark H. Vickers ◽  
Claudia J. Harrison ◽  
Stephanie A. Segovia ◽  
Clint Gray
Keyword(s):  
Salt Intake ◽  
High Salt ◽  
Metabolic Profiles ◽  
High Fat ◽  
High Salt Intake ◽  
Offspring Growth
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